Reversing Early Stage Prostate Cancer in a Hypertensive Patient: A Case Study on Nutritional Cum Phyto-Therapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-3037/2012.01.03.06Keywords:
prostate cancer, dietary/lifestyle modifications, nutritional cum phyto-therapy, andropause, prostate specific antigen, metastasisAbstract
While prostate cancer is the most common male malignancy in the West, it is ranked as the number two cancer death for non-smokers in many developing countries. This case study demonstrates how an early stage prostate cancer might be treated by a comprehensive and evidence-based nutritional cum phytotherapy if patient is given the option of using it. According to the ANMP (www.anmp.org.my), a nutritional therapy is used to treat, control, or prevent chronic disorders by impacting on the hormonal, neurological, and immune functions of the patient. It may take a decade or longer to develop a malignancy. Three quarter of prostate cancer occurs in men over fifty five years when they go through andropause, which is evidenced partly by elevation in their oestrogen levels. However, being overweight or obese may trigger early progression of prostate cancer in men.
References
Hanchette C, Schwartz G. Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation. Cancer 1992; 70: 2861-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2861::AID-CNCR2820701224>3.0.CO;2-G
Luscombe CJ, Fryer AA, French ME, et al. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation: association with susceptibility and age at presentation with prostate cancer. Lancet 2001; 358(9282): 641-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05788-9
Robsahm TE, Tretli S, Dahlback A, Moan J. Vitamin D3 from sunlight may improve the prognosis of breast-,colon-, and prostate cancer (Norway) 2004. Cancer Causes Control 2004; 15: 149-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:CACO.0000019494.34403.09
Bao BY, Ting HJ, Hsu JW, Lee YF. Protective role of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [vitamin D3] against oxidative stress in non-malignant human prostate epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2699-706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23460
Ahonen MH, Tenkanen L, Teppo L, Hakama M, Tuohimaa P. Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland). Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11: 847-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008923802001
Tuohimaa P, Tenkanen L, Ahonen M, et al. Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 104-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11375
Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE, et al. Body mass index, height, and prostate cancer mortality in two large cohorts of adult men in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers 2001; 10: 345-53.
Hsing AW, Deng J, Sesterhenn IA, et al. Body size and prostate cancer: a population-based case-control study in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9: 1335-41.
Putnam SD, Cerhan JR, Parker AS, et al. Lifestyle and anthropometric risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort of Iowa men. Ann Epidemiol 2000; 10: 361-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1047-2797(00)00057-0
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Wolk A, et al. Calcium and fructose intake in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 442-7.
Connolly JM, Coleman M, Rose DP. Effects of dietary fatty acids on DU145 human prostate cancer cell growth in athymic nude mice. Nutr Cancer 1997; 29: 114-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635589709514611
Brouwer IA, Katan MB, Zock PL. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with a reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Nutr 2004; 134: 919-22.
Chyou PH, Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Hankin JH. A prospective study of alcohol, diet, and other lifestyle factors in relation to obstructive uropathy. Prostate 1993; 22: 253-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990220308
De Rosa G, Corsello SM, Ruffilli MP, Della Casa S, Pasargiklian E. Prolactin secretion after beer. Lancet 1981; 2: 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91422-7
Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Michaud DS, et al. Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 204-16.
Pham H, Ziboh V. 5-alpha-reductasecatalyzed conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone is increases in prostatic adenocarcinoma cells: suppression by lipoxygenase metabolites of gamma-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 82: 393-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00217-0
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2011. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl. Accessed: May 23, 2012.
Schrauzer G. The nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicology of selenomethionine. Adv Food Nutr Res 2003: 47: 73-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1043-4526(03)47002-2
Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin: a randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study. JAMA 1996; 276: 1957-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540240035027
Zigler R. Vegetables, fruits, and carotenoids and the risk of cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 2515-95.
Waladkhani A, Clemens M. Effect of dietary phytochemicals on cancer development. Int J Mol Med 1998; 1: 747-53.
Daviglus ML, Dyer AR, Persky V, et al. Dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C, and risk of prostate cancer: Results from the Western Electric Study. Epidemiology 1996; 7: 472-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199609000-00003
Block G. Epidemiologic evidence regarding vitamin C and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54(Suppl 6): 1310S-4S.
Shibata A, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Henderson BE. Intake of vegetables, fruits, beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin supplements and cancer incidence among the elderly: a prospective study. Br J Cancer 1992; 66: 673-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1992.336
Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. Lancet 2001; 357: 657-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04128-3
Maramag C, Menon M, Balaji KC, Reddy PG, Laxmanan S. Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in vitro: effect on cell number, viability, and DNA synthesis. Prostate 1997; 32: 188-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19970801)32:3<188::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2-H
Willis M, Wians F. The role of nutrition in preventing prostate cancer: a review of the proposed mechanism of action of various dietary substances. Clinica Chimica Acta 2003; 330: 57-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00048-2
Franceschi S, Bidoli E, La Vecchia C, et al. Tomatoes and risk of digestive-tract cancers. Int J Cancer 1994; 59: 181-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910590207
Gerster H. The potential role of lycopene for human health. J Am College Nutr 1997; 16: 109-26.
Rao AV, Fleshner N, Agarwal S. Serum and tissue lycopene and biomarkers of oxidation in prostate cancer patients: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer 1999; 33: 159-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327914NC330207
Etminan M, Takkouche B, Caamano-Isorna F. The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 340-5.
Basu A, Imrhan V. Tomatoes versus lycopene in oxidative stress and carcinogenesis: conclusions from clinical trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007: 61; 295-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602510
Kim HS, Bowen P, Chen L, et al. Effects of tomato sauce consumption on apoptotic cell death in prostate benign hyperplasia and carcinoma. Nutr Cancer 2003; 47: 40-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc4701_5
Grant W. An ecologic study of dietary links to prostate cancer. Altern Med Rev 1999; 4: 162-9.
Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, et al. Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels; results of a prospective analysis. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1225-30.
Bendich A, Olson JA. Biological action of carotenoids. FASEB J 1989; 3: 1927-32.
Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. Intake of carotenoids and retinal in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1767-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.23.1767
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 391-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.5.391
Sandmann G. Carotenoid biosynthesis in microorganisms and plants. Eur J Biochem 1994; 223: 7-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18961.x
Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H. Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 274: 532-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0
Siler U, Barella L, Spitzer V, et al. Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. FASEB J 2004; 18: 1019-21.
Craig W. Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97: S199-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00765-7
Rao CV, Rivenson A, Simi B, Reddy BS. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary curcumin, a naturally occurring plant phenolic compound. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 259-66.
Huang MT, Newmark HL, Frenkel K. Inhibitory effects of curcumin on tumorigenesis in mice. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1997; 27: 26-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(1997)27+<26::AID-JCB7>3.0.CO;2-3
Hanif R, Qiao L, Shiff SJ, Rigas B. Curcumin, a natural plant phenolic food additive, inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle changes in colon adenocarcinoma lines by a prostaglandin-independent pathway. J Lab Clin Med 1997; 130: 576-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2143(97)90107-4
Nagabhushan M and Bhide S. Curcumin as an inhibitor of cancer. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11:192-8.
Deeb D, Jiang H, Gao X, et al. Curcumin sensitizes prostate cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo2L by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa through suppression of 1kappaBalpha phosphorylation. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3: 803-12.
Dorai T, Dutcher JP, Dempster DW, Wiernik PH. Therapeutic potential of curcumin in prostate cancer—V: Interference with the osteomimetic properties of hormone refractory C4-2B prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2004; 60: 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.10359
Chendil D, Ranga RS, Meigooni D, Sathishkumar S, Ahmed MM. Curcumin confers radio-sensitizing effect in prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Oncogene 2004; 26: 1599-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207284
Sharma RA, Gescher AJ, Steward WP. Curcumin: the story so far. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 1955-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.009
Yun TK. Update from Asia: Asian studies on cancer chemoprevention. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 889: 157-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08734.x
Saleem M, Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Mukhtar H. Tea beverage in chemoprevention of prostate cancer: a mini-review. Nutr Cancer 2003; 47: 13-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc4701_2
Jian L, Xie LP, Lee AH, Binns CW. Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: a case-control study in southeast China. Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 130-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11550
Cao Y, Cao R. Angiogenesis inhibited by drinking tea. Nature 1999; 398: 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/18793
Liao S, Hiipakka R. Selective inhibition of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes by tea epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biochem Biophys Res 1995; 214: 833-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1995.2362
Gupta S, Ahmad N, Mohan RR, Husain MM, Mukhtar H. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by green tea: in vitro and in vivo inhibition of testosterone-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 2115-20.
Kanwar J, Taskeen M, Mohammad I, et al. Recent advances on tea polyphenols. Front Biosci 2012; 4: 111-31.
Yu HN, Yin JJ, Shen SR. Growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells by epigallocatechin gallate in the presence of CU2+. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 111: 462-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf035057u
Bhatia N, Agarwal R. Detrimental effect of cancer preventive phytochemicals silymarin, genistein, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate on epigenetic events in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. Prostate 2001; 46: 98-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0045(20010201)46:2<98::AID-PROS1013>3.0.CO;2-K
Brusselmans K, De Schrijver E, Heyns W, Verhoeven G, Swinnen JV. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is a potent natural inhibitor of fatty acid synthase intact cells and selectively induces apoptosis in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 856-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11317
Nam S, Smith DM, Dou QP. Ester bond containing tea polyphenols potently inhibit proteasome activity in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 1322-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M004209200
Hussain T, Gupta S, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate selectively inhibits COX-2 without affecting COX expression in human prostate carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 660-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20629
Paschka AG, Butler R, Young CY. Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines by the green tea component,(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Cancer Lett 1998; 130: 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(98)00084-6
Stuart EC, Scandlyn MJ, Rosengren RJ. Role of epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer. Life Sci 2006; 79: 2329-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.07.036
Jatoi A, Ellison N, Burch PA, et al. A phase II trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 97: 1442-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11200
Day N. Phyto-estrogens and hormonally dependent cancers. Pathol Biol 1994; 42: 1090.
Sarkar F, Li Y. Soy isoflavones and cancer prevention. Cancer Invest 2003; 21: 744-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CNV-120023773
Morton MS, Griffiths K, Blacklock N. The preventive role of diet in prostatic disease. Br J Urol 1996; 77: 481-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.09361.x
Lee MM, Gomez SL, Chang JS, et al. Soy and isoflavone consumption in relation to prostate cancer risk in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 665-8.
Sarwar G, McDonough F. Evaluation of protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method for assessing protein quality of foods. J Assoc Anal Chem 1990; 73: 346-56.
Elias R, De Méo M, Vidal-Ollivier E, et al. Antimutagenic activity of some saponins isolated from Calendula officinalis L., C. arvensis L., and Hedera helix L. Mutangenesis 1990; 5: 327-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mutage/5.4.327
Baten A, Ullah A, Tomazic VJ, Shamsuddin AM. Inosito-phosphate-induced enhanced of natural killer cell activity correlates with tumor suppression. Carcinogenic 1989; 10: 1595-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/10.9.1595
Adlercreutz H, Mazur W. Phyto-oestrogens and Western diseases. Ann Med 1997; 29: 95-120.
Evans BA, Griffiths K, Morton MS. Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase in genital skin fibroblasts and prostate tissue by dietary lignans and isoflavinoids. J Endocrinol 1995; 147: 295-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1470295
Xu L, Ding Y, Catalona WJ, et al. MEK4 function, genistein treatment, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 1141-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp227
Lakshman M, Xu L, Ananthanarayanan V, et al. Dietary genistein inhibits metastasis of human prostate cancer in mice. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 2024-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1246
St Clair WH, Billings PC, Carew JA, et al. Suppression of dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinogenesis in mice by dietary addition of the Bowman-Birk Protease inhibitor. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 580-6.
Knekt P, Kumpulainen J, Jarvinen R, et al. Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 560-8.
Leake A, Chrisholm GD, Busuttil A, Habib FK. Subcellular distribution of zinc in the benign and malignant human prostate: evidence for a direct zinc androgen interaction. Acta Endocrinol 1984; 105: 281-8
Zaichick VY, Sviridova TV, Zaichick SV. Zinc concentration in human prostatic fluid. Normal, chronic prostatitis, adenoma, and cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 1996; 28: 687-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02552165
Yu C, Tsai M. Fetal fetuin selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines and shows anti-cancer activity in tumor animal models. Cancer Lett 2001; 166: 173-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00417-7
Ishii K, Usui S, Sugimura Y, et al. Aminopeptidase N regulated by zinc in human prostate participates in tumor cell invasion. Int J Cancer 2001; 92: 49-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0215(200102)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1161>3.0.CO;2-S
Login IS, Thorner MO, MacLeod RM. Zinc may have a physiological role in regulating pituitary prolactin secretion. Neuroendocrinol 1983; 37: 317-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000123568
Judd AM, Macleod RM, Login IS. Zinc acutely, selectively, and reversibly inhibits pituitary prolactin secretion. Brain Res 1984; 294: 190-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)91330-1
Farnsworth WE, Slaunwhite WR Jr, Sharma M, et al. Interaction of prolactin and testosterone in the human prostate. Urol Res 1981; 9: 79-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256681
Rashid SF, Moore JS, Walker E, et al. Synergistic growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells by 1 alpha Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and its 19-norhexafluoride analogs in combination with either sodium butyrate or trichostatin A. Oncogene 2001; 20: 1860-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1204269
Hsu JY, Feldman D, McNeal JE, Peehl DM. Reduced 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity in human prostate cancer cells correlates with decreased susceptibility to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-induced growth inhibition. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 2852-6.
Zhao X, Feldman D. The role of vitamin D in prostate cancer. Steroid 2001; 66: 293-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-128X(00)00164-1
Yang E, Burnstein K. Vitamin D inhibits G1 to S progression in LNCa prostate cancer cells through p27 Kip1 stabilization and Cdk2 mislocalization to the cytoplasm. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 46862-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M306340200
LaMonica CS, Weigel NL. Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer. Exp Biol Med 2004; 229: 277-84.
Jacobs ET, Giuliano AR, Martínez ME, et al. Plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitain D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitain D and the risk of prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90: 533-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.063
Bao BY, Ting HJ, Hsu JW, Lee YF. Protective role of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [vitamin D3] against oxidative stress in nonmalignant human prostate epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2699-706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23460
Kumar NB, Cantor A, Allen K, et al. The specific role of isoflavones in reducing prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2004; 59: 141-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.10362
Moline B, Georgel P. Genetic and epigenetic regulations of prostate cancer by genistein. Drug News Perspect 2009; 22: 247-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dnp.2009.22.5.1378633
Fotsis T, Pepper M, Adlercreutz H, et al. Genistein, a dietary-derived inhibitor of in vitro angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 2690-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.7.2690
Kyle E, Neckers L, Takimoto C, Curt G, Bergan R. Genistein-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells is preceded by a specific decrease in focal adhesion kinase activity. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 51: 193-200.
Peterson G, Barnes S. Genistein and biochanin A inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells but not epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine autophosphorylation. Prostate 1993; 22: 335-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990220408
Davis JN, Kucuk O, Djuric Z, Sarkar FH. Soy isoflavone supplementation in healthy men prevents NF-kappaB activation by TNF-alpha in blood lymphocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30: 1293-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00535-4
Shen JC, Klein RD, Wei Q, et al. Low-dose genistein cyclindependent kinase inhibitors a G(1) cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2000; 29: 92-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2744(200010)29:2<92::AID-MC6>3.0.CO;2-Q
Yu L, Blackburn GL, Zhou JR. Genistein and daidzein down regulate prostate androgen-regulated transcript-1(PART-1) gene expression induced by dihydrotestosterone in human prostate LNCaP cancer cells. J Nutr 2003; 133: 389-92.
National Research Council Staff. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washington, DC: National Academy of Education 1989: 376-9.
Salonen JT, Salonen R, Lappeteläinen R, et al. Risk of cancer in relation to serum concentrations of selenium and vitamins A and E: matched case-control analysis of prospective data. Br Med J 1985; 290: 417-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.290.6466.417
Webber MM, Perez-Ripoll EA, James GT. Inhibitory effects of selenium on the growth of DU-145 human prostate carcinoma cell in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1985; 130: 603-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(85)90459-0
Jiang C, Wang Z, Ganther H, Lu J. Caspases as key executors of methyl selenium-induced apoptosis (anoikis) of DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 3062-70.
Webber M. Selenium prevents the growth stimulatory effects of cadmium on human prostatic epithelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 127: 871-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(85)80024-3
Ghosh J. Rapid induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer by selenium: reversal by metabolites of arachidonic 5-lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 12: 624-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.100
Zu K, Ip C. Synergy between selenium and vitamin E in apoptosis induction is associated with activation of distinctive initiator caspases in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 6988-95.
Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of cancer risk with an oral supplement of selenium. Biomed Environ Sci 1997; 10: 227-34.
Bleys J, Navas-Acien A, Guallar E. Serum selenium levels and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality among US adults. Arch Intern Med 2008;168: 404-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2007.74
Hartman TJ, Albanes D, Pietinen P, et al. The association between baseline vitamin E, selenium, and prostate cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7: 335-40.
Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, et al. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 440-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/90.6.440
Virtamo J, Pietinen P, Huttunen JK, et al. Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: postintervention follow-up. JAMA 2003; 290: 476-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.4.476
Peters U, Littman AJ, Kristal AR, et al. Vitamin E and selenium supplementation and risk of prostate cancer in the Vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19: 75-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-007-9072-y
Pastori M, Pfander H, Boscoboinik D, Azzi A. Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1998; 250: 582-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351
Wright ME, Weinstein SJ, Lawson KA, et al. Supplemental and dietary vitamin E intakes and risk of prostate cancer in a large prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-1071
Thompson T, Wilding G. Androgen antagonist activity by the antioxidant moiety of vitamin E, 2, 2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol in human prostate carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2: 797-803.
Carilla E, Briley M, Fauran F, Sultan C, Duvilliers C. Binding of Permixon, a new treatment for prostatic benign hyperplasia to the cytosolic androgen receptor in the rat prostate. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20: 521-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(84)90265-6
Sultan C, Terraza A, Devillier C, et al. Inhibition of androgen metabolism and binding by a liposteric extract of Serenoa repens B in human foreskin fibroblasts. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20: 515-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(84)90264-4
Crimi A, Russo A. Extract of Serenoa repens for the treatment of the functional disturbances of prostate hypertrophy. Med Praxis 1983; 4: 47-51.
Wilt TJ, Ishani A, Rutks I, MacDonald R. Phytotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Public Health Nutr 2000; 3: 459-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980000000549
Goldmann WH, Sharma AL, Currier SJ, et al. Saw palmetto berry extract inhibits cell growth: Cox-2 expression in prostatic cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2001; 25: 1117-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cbir.2001.0779
Thelen P, Jarry H, Ringert RH, Wuttke W. Silibinin down-regulates prostate epithelium-dependent Ets transcription factor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Planta Med 2004; 70: 397-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-818965
Liu WK, Xu SX, Che CT. Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Life Sci 2000; 67: 1297-1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00720-7
Woo MH, Chung SO, Kim DH. Cis-Annonacin and (2,4)-cis-and trans-isoannonacins:cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of Annona cherimolia. Arch Pharm Res 1999; 22: 524-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02979164
Kim DH, Ma ES, Suk KD, et al. Annomolin and annocherimolin, new cytotoxic annonaceous acetogenins from Annona cherimolia seeds. J Nat Prod 2001; 64: 502-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np000335u
Santa María Margalef A, Paciucci Barzanti R, Reventós Puigjaner J, Morote Robles J. Antimitogenic effect of pygeum africanum extract on human prostatic cancer cell lines and explants form benign prostatic hyperplasia. Arch Esp Urol 2003; 56: 369-78. [Spanish]
Shenouda NS, Sakla MS, Newton LG, et al. Phytosterol Pygeum africanum regulates prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Endocrine 2007; 31: 72-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-007-0014-y
Colpi G, Farina U. Study of the activity of chloroformic extract of Pygeum africanum bark in the treatment of urethral obstructive syndrome caused by non-cancerous prostapathy. Urologia 1976; 43: 441-8.
Lucchetta G, Weill A, Becker N, et al. Reactivation from the prostatic gland in cases of reduced fertility. Urol Int 1984; 39: 222-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000280980
Carani C, Salvioli V, Scuteri A, et al. Urological and sexual evaluation of treatment of benign prostatic disease using Pygeum africanum at high dose. Arch Ital Urol Nefrol Androl 1991; 63: 341-5. [Italian]
Efferth T, Dunstan H, Sauerbrey A, Miyachi H, Chitambar CR. Antimalarial artesunate is also active against cancer. Int J Oncol 2001; 18 : 767-73.
Lai H, Singh N. Artemisinin and Cancer. Int J Oncol 2001; 18: 767-72.
Chyou PH, Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, et al. A prospective study of alcohol, diet, and other lifestyle factors in relation to obstructive uropathy. Prostate 1993; 22: 253-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.2990220308
Christudoss P, Selvakumar R, Fleming JJ, Gopalakrishnan G. Zinc status of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma. Indian J Urol 2011; 27: 14-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.78405
Gerber G, Fitzpatrick J. Role of a lipido-sterolic extract of Serenoa repents in the management of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostate hyperplasia B. J Urol Int 2004; 94: 338-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04962.x
Comhaire E, Mohmoud A. Preventing diseases of the prostate in the elderly using hormones and nutraceuticals. Aging Male 2004; 7: 155-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13685530412331284722
Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, et al. Randomized, place-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lancet 1995; 345: 1529-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91085-9
Miller GJ, Brawer MK, Sakr WA, Thrasher JB, Townsend R. Prostate Cancer: Serum and Tissue Markers. Rev Urol 2001; 3(S2): S11-S19.
Hayes RB, Ziegler RG, Gridley G, et al. Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 25-34.
Damber J, Aus G. Prostate cancer. Lancet 2008; 371: 1710-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60729-1
Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer Statistics 2002. CA Cancer Clin 2002; 52: 23-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.52.1.23
Longo D. Approach to the patient with cancer. In: Fauci AS, Wilson JD, Martin JB, et al, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 14th. ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1998.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2012. Atlanta:American Cancer Society; 2012. http://www.cancer.org/ acs/groups/ content/@epidemiologysurveilance /document/acspc-031941.pdf [Accessed: May 23, 2012.]
Schwartz G, Hulka B. Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for prostate cancer? Anticancer Res 1990; 10: 1307-11.
Rebbeck TR, Walker AH, Zeigler-Johnson C, et al. Association of HPC/ELAC2 genetypes and prostate cancer. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 1014-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/303096
Stanford J, Sabacan LP, Noonan EA, et al. Association of HPC2/ELAC2 polymorphisms with risk of prostate cancer in a population-based study. Cancer Epid Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 876-81.
Wang L, McDonnell SK, Elkins DA, et al. Role of HPC2/ELAC2 in hereditary prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 6494-9.
Meitz J, Edwards SM, Easton DF, et al. HPC2/ELAC2 polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk: analysis by age of onset of disease. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 905-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600564
Ishii K, Usui S, Sugimura Y, et al. Aminopeptidase N regulated by zinc in human prostate participates in tumor cell invasion. Int J Cancer 2001; 92: 49-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0215(200102)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1161>3.0.CO;2-S
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Height, weight, and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers 1997; 6: 557-63.
Grant J. Proper use and recognized role of TPN in the cancer patient. Nutrition 1990; 6: 6S-7S.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. 2008.
Kappas A, Anderson KE, Conney AH, et al. Nutrition-endocrine interactions. Induction of reciprocal changes in the delta-5-alpha-reduction of testosterone and the cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidation of estradiol by dietary macronutrients in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 7646-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.80.24.7646
Andriole G, Bruchovsky N, Chung LW, et al. Dihydrotestosterone and the prostate: the scientific rationale for 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2004; 172: 1399-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000139539.94828.29
Hays B. Hormonal Imbalances. In: D Jones, ed. 2010. Textbook of Functional Medicine. Jones D, ed. 2010. Gig Harbor, WA: The Institute for Functional Medicine, p238.
Miller G. Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer: Biologic Interactions and Clinical Potentials. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1999; 17: 353-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006102124548
Bosland M. The role of steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2000; 27: 39-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024244
Leav I, Lau KM, Adams JY, et al. Comparative studies of the estrogen receptors beta and alpha and the androgen receptor in normal human prostate glands, dysplasia, and in primary and metastatic carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 79-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61676-8
Platz E, Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of sex steroid hormones and their signaling and metabolic pathways in the etiology of prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 92: 237-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.10.002
Margel D, Fleshner N. Oral contraceptive use is associated with prostate cancer: an ecological study. BMJ Open 2011; 1: e000311 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000311
Roddam AW, Allen NE, Appleby P, Key TJ. Endogenous Hormones and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 170-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm323
Tang L, Yao S, Till C, et al. Repeat polymorphisms in estrogen metabolism genes and prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32: 1500-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgr139
Faguet G. The War on Cancer: An Anatomy of Failure, A Blueprint for the Future. Springer. The Netherlands 2005. p. 17.
Miller G. Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer: Biologic Interactions and Clinical Potentials. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1999; 17: 353-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006102124548
Botella-Carretero J, Alvarez-Blasco F, Villafruela JJ, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity. Clin Nutr 2007; 26: 573-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2007.05.009
Haseman MK, Reed NL, Rosenthal SA. Monoclonal antibody imaging of occult prostate cancer in patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen: positron emission tomography and biopsy correlation. Clin Nucl Med 1996; 21: 703-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199609000-00007
Mitterberger M, Aigner F, Horninger W, et al. Comparative efficiency of contrast-enhanced colour Doppler ultrasound targeted versus systematic biopsy for prostate cancer detection. Eur Radiol 2010; 20: 2701-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-010-1860-1
De Zordo T, Ladurner M, Horninger W, et al. New ultrasound technologies for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Radiologe 2011; 51: 930-6. [German] http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00117-011-2178-y
Bree R. The role of color Doppler and staging biopsies in prostate cancer detection. Urology 1997; 49: 31-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00166-0
Tamburri P. Prostate cancer risk assessment: A qualitative approach. NDNR 2007; 3: 4-5.
Argile JM. Cancer-associated malnutrition. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2005; 9(Suppl 2): S39-S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2005.09.006
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .