Comparative Legal Analysis of Some Aspects of Competition Law of Ukraine and EU Countries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.348Keywords:
Antimonopoly law, antitrust law, competition law, comparative studies, Ukraine, EU.Abstract
On its path to European integration, Ukraine is constantly improving its antimonopoly legislation and strengthening its protection of economic competition. Before independence and the collapse of communism, Ukraine had a highly monopolized economy. The newly created Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine has, since its inception, had protection of economic competition as one of its main tasks. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the specific provisions of Ukrainian legislation and European legislation on the protection of economic competition, including the practice of its application. Poland and Germany were taken for comparison. On a case-by-case basis, this paper evaluates the role and importance of antitrust laws and the practical evaluation of the performance of competition authorities. The analysis of scientific works, legislation and specific administrative cases in these countries (based on the reports of the antitrust authorities for 2018) suggested that the activity of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine, in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators, generally corresponds to the level of work of the respective European institutions. An additional impetus to this process may be given by a closer European integration process in the field of economic competition protection by extending the EU Directives on this matter to the territory of Ukraine.
References
Alpysbayev, Kaisar, Yulia Gridneva, Galina Kaliakparova, Anatolii Saparbayev and Sara Assanova. 2020. “Economic security management at industrial enterprises: A case study”. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 9(4): 1165-1176. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2020.9.4(4)
Alter, Karen and Laurence Helfer. 2017. Transplanting International Courts: The Law and Politics of the Andean Tribunal of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680788.001.0001
Annual Report on Competition Policy Developments in Poland (2018). Competition Committee of Poland. Retrieved June 10, 2020 (https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP/AR (2019)27/en/pdf)
Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine. 2018. Report 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2020 (https://amcu.gov.ua/storage/app/sites/1/ Docs/zvity/2018/AMCU_2018.pdf)
Antufev, Boris, Olga Egorova and Lev Rabinskiy. 2019a. “Dynamics of a cylindrical shell with a collapsing elastic base under the action of a pressure wave”. INCAS Bulletin 11: 17-24. https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2019.11.S.2
Antufev, Boris, Olga Egorova and Lev Rabinskiy. 2019b. “Quasi-static stability of a ribbed shell interacting with moving load”. INCAS Bulletin 11: 33-39. https://doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2019.11.S.4
Antufiev, Boris, Olga Egorova, Alexander Orekhov and Elena Kuznetsova. 2018. “Dynamics of a clamped ribbed plate under moving loads”. Periodico Tche Quimica 15(Special Issue 1): 368-376.
Astapov, Aleksey, Elena Kuznetsova and Lev Rabinskiy. 2019. “Operating capacity of anti-oxidizing coating in hypersonic flows of air plasma”. Surface Review and Letters 26(2): 1850145. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X18501457
Babaytsev, Arseniy and Lev Rabinskiy. 2019. “Design calculation technique for thick-walled composite constructions operating under high-speed loading”. Periodico Tche Quimica 16(33): 480-489.
Babaytsev, Arseniy, Mikhail Martirosov, Lev Rabinskiy and Yury Solyaev. 2017a. “Effect of thin polymer coatings on the mechanical properties of steel plates”. Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2017(13): 1170-1175. https://doi.org/10.1134/S003602951713002X
Babaytsev, Arseniy, Mikhail Prokofiev and Lev Rabinskiy. 2017b. “Mechanical properties and microstructure of stainless steel manufactured by selective laser sintering”. International Journal of Nanomechanics Science and Technology 8(4): 359-366. https://doi.org/10.1615/NanoSciTechnolIntJ.v8.i4.60
Babaytsev, Arseniy, Vasiliy Dobryanskiy and Yuriy Solyaev. 2019. “Optimization of thermal protection panels subjected to intense heating and mechanical loading”. Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics 40(7): 887-895. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995080219070059
Babaytsev, Arseniy, Yuriy Kornev and Nikolay Semenov. 2015. Modeling the stress-strain behavior of shungite particle-filled rubbers. International Journal of Nanomechanics Science and Technology 6(4): 261-280. https://doi.org/10.1615/NanomechanicsSciTechnolIntJ.v6.i4.20
Barabanshchikov, Yury, Tatiana Belkina, Anna Muratova and Andrii Bieliatynskyi. 2016. “Heat liberation of barium cements as a background of their application in mass concrete structures”. Solid State Phenomena 871: 9-15. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.871.9
Bayboltaeva, Nesipkul, Abdizhapar Saparbayev, Aygul Ismailova, Aiymzhan Makulova and Aliya Imatayeva. 2018. “Problems of accounting and reporting of small agricultural businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan”. Journal of Social Sciences Research 3: 67-75.
Bieliatynskyi, Andrii, Liudmyla Osipa and Bogdan Kornienko. 2018. “Water-saving processes control of an airport”. MATEC Web of Conferences 239: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823905003
Bogaevskaya, Oksana, Irina Batrakova, Olga Slyusar and Vladymyr Talismanov. 2020. “Pharmacogenetic testing: Effectiveness of the use of the indirect anticoagulant warfarin”. Journal of Global Pharma Technology 12: 160-169.
Bradford, Anu, Adam Chilton, Chris Megaw and Nathaniel Sokol. 2018. “Competition law gone global: introducing the comparative competition law and enforcement datasets”. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 16: Article number 411. https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12215
Bradford, Anu, Adam Chilton, Katerina Linos and Alexander Weaver. 2019. “The global dominance of European competition law over American antitrust law”. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 16(4): 731–766. https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12239
Brezezinski, Carolyn. 1994. “Competition and antitrust law in Central Europe: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary”. Michigan Journal of International Law 15(4): Article number 1129.
Bulychev, Nikolay, Maksim Kazaryan and Valery Bodryshev. 2019. “Application of methods for analyzing images of nanoparticles in transmitted light to study their properties”. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 11322: 113221C. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2550773
Burkart, Mike, Denis Gromb, Holger Mueller and Fausto Panunzi. 2014. “Legal investor protection and takeovers”. Journal of Finance 69(3): 1129–1165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12142
Colomo, Pablo and Andriani Kalintiri. 2020. “The evolution of EU antitrust policy: 1966-2017”. Modern Law Review 83(2): 321–372 https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12503
Competition: Antitrust procedures in anticompetitive agreements. 2013. Official website of the European Commission. Retrieved June 10, 2020 (https://ec.europa.eu/competition/ publications/factsheets/antitrust_procedures_101_en.pdf)
Dinzhos, Ruslan, Eduard Lysenkov and Nataliia Fialko. 2015. “Influence of fabrication method and type of the filler on the thermal properties of nanocomposites based on polypropylene”. Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii 5(103): 56-62.
Dissanaike, Gishan, Wolfgang Drobetz and Paul Momtaz. 2020. “Competition policy and the profitability of corporate acquisitions”. Journal of Corporate Finance 62: Article number 101510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2019.101510
Drobetz, Wolfgang and Paul Momtaz. 2019. “Corporate governance convergence in the European M&A market”. Finance Research Letters 32: Article number 101091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2019.01.003
Dutra, Jessica and Tarun Sabarwal. 2020. “Antitrust analysis with upward pricing pressure and cost efficiencies”. PLoS ONE 15(1): Article number e0227418. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227418
Fialko, Nataliia, Viktor Prokopov, Nataliia Meranova, Yurii Borisov, Volodymyr Korzhik and Ganna Sherenkovskaya. 1994. “Heat transport processes in coating-substrate systems under gas-thermal deposition”. Fizika i Khimiya Obrabotki Materialov 2: 68-75.
Formalev, Vladimir, Evgen Kartashov and Sergey Kolesnik. 2019a. “Simulation of nonequilibrium heat transfer in an anisotropic semispace under the action of a point heat source”. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 92(6): 1537-1547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10891-019-02074-7
Formalev, Vladimir, Sergey Kolesnik and Elena Kuznetsova. 2019b. “Identification of new law for decomposition of bonding heat-shielding composite materials”. Asia Life Sciences 1: 139-148.
Hladky, Viacheslav. 2019. “Criminometric analysis of corruption permissiveness and conditions of pricing in corrupt services”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(2): 22-34.
Huk, Ganna. 2017. “Abuse of monopoly (dominant) position in the antitrust laws of the European Community and Ukraine”. Molodyi Vchenyi 11(51): 856–859.
Khachatrian, Valentyna and Mykola Slobodianiuk. 2016. “Features of functioning of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine”. Global and National Economy Issues 14: 232-234.
Khokhlov, Evgeny. 2014. “The Current State of Russian Competition Law in the Context of its Harmonisation with EU Competition Law”. Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 5(1): 32–38.
Koban, Olga. 2019. “Task of internal state activity in the socialisation process”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(1): 48-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpt059
Koshoridze, Semen, Yury Levin, Lev Rabinskiy and Arseniy Babaytsev. 2017. “Investigation of deposits in channels of panels of a heat-transfer agent”. Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2017(13): 1194-1201. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036029517130092
Kosinova, Kateryna. 2019. “The problem of the objectivity of outsourcing relationship in the system of the economic and business‑legal policy of the state”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(2): 147-160.
Kostenko, Andrii. 2019. “Internet‑libertarianism and internet‑etatism in the context of the internet rights of a person”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(1): 62-75.
Kostruba, Anatoly and Oleh Hyliaka. 2020. “Designing of legal model of legal relations cessations”. Astra Salvensis 1: 69-86.
Kostruba, Anatoly and Valentina Vasylyeva. 2020. “International regulation of termination of rights in the field of civil and intersubjective state relations”. Astra Salvensis 1: 131-153.
Kostruba, Anatoly, Roman Maydanyk and Vitaliy Luts. 2020. “Bonum requirements of the beneficiary in the corporate rights protection system in Ukraine: Implementing best practices”. Asia Life Sciences 1: 189-207.
Kostruba, Anatoly. 2019a. “The notion and attributes of right – terminating legal facts”. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10(1): 254-262.
Kostruba, Anatoly. 2019b. “The rule of law and its impact on socio-economic, environmental, gender and cultural issues”. Space and Culture, India 7(2): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v7i2.522
Kostruba, Anatoly. 2020. “Right deprivation in the legal regulation mechanism of civil property relations: Comparative analysis of international legislation”. Asia Life Sciences 22(2): 143-156.
Krasilshchikov, Mikhail, Dmitriy Kozorez and Kirill Sypalo. 2014. “Development of high speed flying vehicle on-board integrated navigation, control and guidance system”. Pp. 1-8 in 29th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, ICAS 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2020 (https://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2014/data/papers/2014_0329_paper.pdf).
Krayushkina, Katerina, Tetiana Khymeryk and Andrii Bieliatynskyi. 2019. “Basalt fiber concrete as a new construction material for roads and airfields”. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 708: 012088. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/708/1/012088
Kucheryavenko, Mykola and Yevhen Smychok. 2019. “Moment of execution of the duty to pay taxes and fees: a tax‑legal aspect”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(1): 25-35.
Kurbanova, Karlygash, Zhanar Mukhametzhanova, Abdizhapar Saparbayev and Gulnazym Supugalieva. 2020. “Analysis of the financial stability of the Kazakhstan's economy”. E3S Web of Conferences 159(60): 06004. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015906004
Kаplina, Oksana. 2019. “Problems of ensuring the consideration of criminal proceeding on grounds of taking a plea bargain by independent and impartial court”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(2): 47-58.
Makushkin, Sergey. 2019. “Improving the efficiency of the corporation’s human potential reproduction”. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Organizational Studies 14(1): 19-35. https://doi.org/10.18848/2324-7649/CGP/v14i01/19-35
Mansurova, Maria, Said Bekhbudov, Raushan Zhilisbaeva, Salikh Tashpulatov and Maria Baymakhanova. 2018. “The analysis of vertical fluctuations of the roller with the rubber plug of the device for drawing of the polymeric composition on lines of sewed materials in the sewing-machine”. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Seriya Teknologiya Tekstil'noi Promyshlennosti 5(377): 142-145.
Marushchak, Anatoly. 2019. “Methods of legal regulation of the security of the individual, society, state in the information sphere”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(3): 75-89.
Nurmaganbetova, Raugash, Aychurek Kaldybayeva, Nurjan Sartbekova, Ayzat Umirbekova and Elvir Akhmetshin. 2020. “Formation of readiness of future teachers of the Republic of Kazakhstan for implementation of education in the inclusive environment”. Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment 8(2): 205-210. https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.02.16
Onishchenko Nataliya and Serhii Suniehin. 2018. “Public servant: Legal and ethical dimensions in the context of contemporary realities”. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 21(Special Issue 1): 1-10.
Onishchenko, Nataliya and Svitlana Bobrovnyk. 2019. “The relevance of law: Some determinants of identifying”. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10(1): 321-325.
Pichkur, Vitalii, Maxim Lazarenko, Oleksandr Alekseev, Volodymyr Kovbasa and Mikhailo Lazarenko. 2015. “Thermogravimetric research of the extruded and native types of starch”. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1(6): 52-56. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2015.33116
Politanskyі, Viacheslav. 2019. “Electronic education as foundation for democratic and legal future”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(3): 90-105.
Polovchenko, Konstantin. 2019a. “Constitutional rights and freedoms of national minorities: The experience of Serbia”. Opcion 35(23): 1433-1446.
Polovchenko, Konstantin. 2019b. “Normative control of law as the basic power of constitutional court”. Opcion 35(20): 1264-1276.
Polovchenko, Konstantin. 2020. “Constitutional court as constitutional complaint institution: evidence from Serbia”. Law and Development Review. Retrieved May 29, 2020 (https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/ldr/ahead-of-print/article-10.1515-ldr-2020-0013/article-10.1515-ldr-2020-0013.xml).
Prentkovskis, Olegas, Andrii Beljatynskij, Edita Juodvalkiene and Rasa Prentkovskiene. 2010. “A study of the deflections of metal road guardrail post”. Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 5(2): 104-109. https://doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2010.15
Pukhkal, Viktor, Andrii Bieliatynskyi and Vera Murgul. 2016. “Designing energy efficiency glazed structures with comfortable microclimate in northern region”. Journal of Applied Engineering Science 14(1): 93-101. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes14-10469
Pylypenko, Denys. 2018. “Utopia in the world political-legal theory and practice”. Utopia y Praxis Latinoamericana 23(82): 1-14.
Pylypenko, Denys. 2020a. “Well-being sustainability and human rights: Legal regulations”. Rivista di Studi sulla Sostenibilita 2020(1): 211-214.
Pylypenko, Denys. 2020b. Foreword: Theory and practice in waste management processes and alternative energy developments in connection with agribusiness growth and prospects. Industrial Engineering and Management Systems 19(1): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.7232/iems.2020.19.1.001
Sabirova, Ziyoda, Salikh Tashpulatov and Anvarjon Parpiev. 2018. “Mathematical substantiation of the rational package (BAG) of fully-formed FUR articles with content of polymer composition”. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 13(23): 10145-10147.
Sassykova, Larissa, Subramanian Sendilvelan, Yermek Aubakirov, Y.A., Zhaneta Tashmukhambetova, Aigul Batyrbayeva, Ryskul Azhigulova, Sholpan Kubekova, Kamalidin Sharipov, Roza Ryskaliyeva, Bakyt Tyussyupova and Madiyar Sarybayev. 2019. “Metal block catalysts for complex cleaning of harmful emissions of transport and the industry”. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 4(436): 12-23. https://doi.org/10.32014/2019.2518-170X.93
Savchyn, Mikhail. 2019. “Institutional capacity of the state and human rights”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(3): 43-61.
Semchuk, Natalia, Sofiia Lykhova and Ulia Demianenko. 2019. “Using English as a foreign language when teaching subject of the criminal law cycle”. The Asian International Journal of Life Science 21(2): 517–534.
Shtal, Tatyana, Iryna Lytovchenko and Hanna Poliakova. 2019. “Development of professional competency of managerial staff on the basis of acmeological approach”. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9(4): 1481-1488. https://doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.4(34).35
Shtal, Tatyana, Yana Polyakova, Nadiia Proskurnina, Iulia Dobroskok and Olena Kot. 2018. “Modeling of convergence of the economic system of Ukraine with g20 countries based on the analysis of structural changes in Ukrainian foreign trade”. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9(6): 2129-2145.
Sorokin, Andrey and Sergey Novikov. 2019. “Formation of the national economy of Russia in the context of state support of innovation actions”. Espacios 40(38): 1-9.
Starikov, Maxim, Andrii Beljatynskij, Olegas Prentkovskis and Irina Klimenko. 2011. “The use of magnetic coercivity method to diagnose crane metalware”. Transport 26(3): 255-262. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.622138
Stepanchuk, Oleksandr, Andrii Bieliatynskyi, Olexandr Pylypenko and Sergiy Stepanchuk. 2017. “Surveying of traffic congestions on arterial roads of Kyiv City”. Procedia Engineering 187: 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.344
Talaspayeva, Asem, Raushan Zhilisbayeva and Salikh Tashpulatov. 2017. “Study of strength characteristics of nonwoven samples”. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Seriya Teknologiya Tekstil'noi Promyshlennosti 371(5): 126-128.
Tashpulatov, Salikh, Andrii Dzhuraev, Irina Chervnova, Barbara Ryskulova, Gazia Ganieva, Said Bekhbudov and Katia Raydosova. 2018a. “Theoretical-experimental method of determination of parameters of the roller with the rubber bushing of the device for applying the polymer composition on the connecting seams of clothing items”. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Seriya Teknologiya Tekstil'noi Promyshlennosti 6(378): 141-145.
Tashpulatov, Salikh, Irina Cherunova, Elena Andreeva, Barno Alimukhamedova and Gazia Ganieva. 2018b. “Research and comprehensive assessment of the performance properties of thread connections in the system “Adras + polymer composite””. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Seriya Teknologiya Tekstil'noi Promyshlennosti 6(378): 150-153.
Tashpulatov, Salikh, Ziyoda Sabirova, Irina Cherunova, Lyubov Nemirova and Umida Muminova. 2020. “A device for studying the thermophysical properties of bulk textile materials and their packages by the regular mode method in air”. Periodico Tche Quimica 17(34): 940-950.
The Bundeskartellamt Annual Report. 2018. Federal Cartel Office (Bundeskartellamt). Retrieved June 10, 2020 (https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Publikation/EN/Jahresbericht/Jahresbericht_2018.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2)
Timkina, Yulia, Oleksandr Stepanchuk and Andrii Bieliatynskyi. 2019. “The design of the length of the route transport stops' landing pad on streets of the city”. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 708: 012032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/708/1/012032
Tsypko, Victoria, Kateryna Alieksieieva, Iryna Venger, Oleksii Tavolzhanskyi, Nataliia Galunets and Alona Klyuchnik. 2019. “Information policy of the enterprise as the basis for the reproduction of human potential in the structure of public social interaction”. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10(6): 1664-1672.
Tugarova, Oksana. 2019. “The logical nature of indirect evidence in criminal procedure”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(1): 141-152.
Vapniarchuk, Viacheslav, Iryna Puchkovska, Oleksii Tavolzhanskyi and Roman Tashian. 2019. “Protection of ownership right in the court: The essence and particularities”. Asia Life Sciences 2: 863-879.
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1993. On the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine. Retrieved June 10, 2020 (https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/3659-12)
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 1996. On protection against unfair competition. Retrieved June 10, 2020 (https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/2210-14)
Yuilin, He, Andrii Beljatynskij and Alexander Ishchenko. 2019. “Non-Roundabout design of cancel the intersection signal light on horizontal plane”. E3S Web of Conferences 91: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199105003
Zhuravel, Volodymyr and Tanel Kerikmäe. 2019. “Private criminalistics doctrines: conceptual approaches to the formation”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(1): 98-109.
Zinchenko, Olena. 2019. “Rights and freedoms of persons and citizens in constitutions of french‑speaking countries of Africa”. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 26(2): 98-108.
Zvorykin, Alexander, Sergey Aleshko, Nataliia Fialko, Nikolay Maison, Nataliia Meranova, Artem Voitenko and Igor Pioro. 2016. “Computer simulation of flow and heat transfer in bare tubes at supercritical parameters”. International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Proceedings, ICONE 5: 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1115/ICONE24-60390
Zykova, Svetlana, Grihorii Tsaplin, Vladymyr Talismanov, Ilya Bulatov, Sergey Popkov and Olga Karmanova. 2021. “Antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of new n4-substituted5-(1,2,4-triazole-1-ylmethyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and s-derivatives”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 13(1): 309-313. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2021.13.01.056
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
