Focused Electron Beam Induced Processing Renders at Room Temperature a Bose-Einstein Condensate in Koops-GranMat
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/2369-3355.2016.03.02.1Keywords:
Field emission, Focused electron beam induced processing, GDSII-layout exposure control, x, -y, -t, -nested loop exposure control, 3-d e-beam printing, Super conductivity, Cooper pairs, Bose Einstein Condensate, Koops-Pairs, Applications.Abstract
Focused Electron Beam Induced Processing allows to generate nanocrystalline materials with metallic conductivity and also nanogranular materials with metal crystals embedded in a fullerene matrix, which shows at room temperature 1000 times better conductivity than superconductors at 40 K due to a Bose Einstein Condensate. Resistors and field emitters carry > 50 MA/cm² current density and deliver up to 1 mA current by field emission, when having an enlarged foot point contact to normal metal like Gold. An explanation for the different characteristics is given. The reason for the generation of the Bose Einstein Condensate is explained, and applications are described.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(89)90059-2
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(92)90476-Z
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[12] Koops HWP, Kretz J, Rudolph M, Weber M. Constructive 3-dimensional Lithography with Electron Beam Induced Deposition for Quantum Effect Devices. J Vac Sci Technol B 1993; 11(6): 2386-2389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.586991
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[17] Koops H, Fukuda H. Giant current density via indirect exciton orbit overlapping in polarized nanogranular materials. J Vac Sci Technol B 2015; 33: 02B108.
[18] Koops HWP, Rudolph M, Kretz J, Weber M. Nanolithography in 3 Dimensions with Electron Beam Induced Deposition. NATO ASI Series E: Applied Sciences Vol. 264, (Gentili M, et al. Eds.): Nanolithography: A Borderland between STM, EB, IB, and X-ray Lithographies. 1994; 87-93. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[19] Floreani F, Koops HW, Elsäßer W. Concept of a miniaturised free-electron laser with field mission source. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 2002; 483: 488-492.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(02)00367-4
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1420580
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[30] Geller MR, Dennis WM, Markel VA, Patton KR, Simon DT, Yang H-S. Theory of electron–phonon dynamics in insulating nanoparticles. Physica B 2002; 316-317: 430-433.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(02)00535-5
[31] Koops HWP. Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Korpuskularstrahlsystemen DE 0000 10302794A1 4.01.2003.
[32] Koops HWP. ""Orbitron pump"" Patent family with this title containing DE No. 102 41 549, 2002.
[33] Koops HWP. Device for generating THz radiation with free electrons. EP. No. 10 170 823.8, 2011.
[34] Koops HWP. “Nano Granular material"", European Patent Application No. 12 183 564.9, 2012.
[35] Koops HWP. QUIDART-Quantum Interference Device at Room Temperature. German Patent Application DE 102014019354 A1 2016.06.23
[2] Huth M, Porrati F, Schwalb C, Winhold M, Sachser R, Dukic M, Adams J. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2012; 3(1): 597-619.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.3.70
[3] Heide G. Z Angewandte Physik 1963; 15: 116.
[4] Rao NV. Z Angewandte Physik 1959; 129: 483.
[5] Bräuninger H, Einighammer HJ, Feitzinger JV, Fink HH, Höhn DH, Koops H, Krämer G, Mayer G, Möllenstedt G, Mozer M. EUV- and Soft X-Ray Images of the Sun on March 11, 1971. Solar Physics 1971; 20: 81-84.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00146098
[6] Koops H. Elektronenoptische Herstellung von Transmissionsgittern mit 100 nm Gitterkonstante für weiche Röntgenstrahlung. Dissertation Tübingen 1971.
[7] Rüb M, Koops HWP, Tschudi T. Electron-beam induced deposition in a reducing image projector. Microelectronic Engineering 1989; 9: 251-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(89)90059-2
[8] Hübner B, Koops HWP, Pagnia H, Sotnik N, Urban J, Weber M. Tips for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Produced by Electron-beam Induced Deposition. Ultramicroscopy 1992; 42-44: 1519-1525.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(92)90476-Z
[9] Koops HWP, Kretz J, Rudolph M, Weber M, Dahm G, Lee KL. Caractérisation and application of materials grown by electron beam induced deposition. Jpn J Appl Phys 1994; 33: Part. 1 No. 12B: 7099-7107.
[10] Kretz J, Rudolf M. Diploma thesis works TU Darmstadt Institute of Applied Physics 1994.
[11] Investigating a Pt/C deposition sample with Micro-Raman Spectroscopy revealed a Fullerene peak in the spectrum, private communication by Prof. Ion Tiginianu, Academy of Sciences, Chisinau, Moldavia, at his visit at University Freiberg, DE 1998.
[12] Koops HWP, Kretz J, Rudolph M, Weber M. Constructive 3-dimensional Lithography with Electron Beam Induced Deposition for Quantum Effect Devices. J Vac Sci Technol B 1993; 11(6): 2386-2389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.586991
[13] Bose SN, Einstein A. 1925 Leiden University Einstein Archive. Lorentz.leidenuniv.nl. 27 October 1920. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
[14] Murakami K, Wakaya F, Takai M. J Vac Sci Technol B 2007; 25(4): 1310-1314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2756550
[15] Remeika M. et al. Two-dimensional electrostatic lattices for indirect excitations. Appl Phys Lett 2012; 100: 061103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682302
[16] Koops HWP, Kaya A, Weber M. J Vac Sci Technol B 1995; 13(6): 2400-2403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.588008
[17] Koops H, Fukuda H. Giant current density via indirect exciton orbit overlapping in polarized nanogranular materials. J Vac Sci Technol B 2015; 33: 02B108.
[18] Koops HWP, Rudolph M, Kretz J, Weber M. Nanolithography in 3 Dimensions with Electron Beam Induced Deposition. NATO ASI Series E: Applied Sciences Vol. 264, (Gentili M, et al. Eds.): Nanolithography: A Borderland between STM, EB, IB, and X-ray Lithographies. 1994; 87-93. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[19] Floreani F, Koops HW, Elsäßer W. Concept of a miniaturised free-electron laser with field mission source. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 2002; 483: 488-492.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(02)00367-4
[20] Spindt CA. J Appl Phys 39: 1968; 3504.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1656810
[21] Canfield PC, Budco S. Spectrum der Wissenschaften Juni 2005; p. 56.
[22] Sellmair J. NaWoTec GmbH Rossdorf, private communication 2005.
[23] Edinger K, Rangelow IW, Gotszalk T. A Novel High Resolution Scanning Thermal Probe. J Vac Sci Technol 2001; B19: 2856-2860.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1420580
[24] Bardeen J, Cooper LN, Schrieffer JR. Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity. Physical Review 1957; 106(1): 162-164.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.106.162
[25] Inosov DS, et al. Nature Physics 2010; 6: 178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1483
[26] Steele B. Cornell Chronicle July 28, 2014.
[27] Davis JCS. Cornell University, S. Avici et al. Nature Comm. 5, Article number: 3845, 22 May 2014.
[28] http://www.supraconductivite.fr/en/index.php#supra-explication-cooper, Excerpt from http://www.supraconductivite.fr/en/index.php? p=recherche-#supra-explication, http://www.cyclopaedia.fr/wiki/Cooper_electron_pair
[29] Blatt JM, Böer KW, Brandt W. Bose Einstein Condensation of Excitons. Phys Pev 1962; 126: 1691. Pub. 1. 6.
[30] Geller MR, Dennis WM, Markel VA, Patton KR, Simon DT, Yang H-S. Theory of electron–phonon dynamics in insulating nanoparticles. Physica B 2002; 316-317: 430-433.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4526(02)00535-5
[31] Koops HWP. Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Korpuskularstrahlsystemen DE 0000 10302794A1 4.01.2003.
[32] Koops HWP. ""Orbitron pump"" Patent family with this title containing DE No. 102 41 549, 2002.
[33] Koops HWP. Device for generating THz radiation with free electrons. EP. No. 10 170 823.8, 2011.
[34] Koops HWP. “Nano Granular material"", European Patent Application No. 12 183 564.9, 2012.
[35] Koops HWP. QUIDART-Quantum Interference Device at Room Temperature. German Patent Application DE 102014019354 A1 2016.06.23
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Published
2016-10-14
How to Cite
Koops, H. W. (2016). Focused Electron Beam Induced Processing Renders at Room Temperature a Bose-Einstein Condensate in Koops-GranMat. Journal of Coating Science and Technology, 3(2), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.6000/2369-3355.2016.03.02.1
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