Wear-Resistant Nanostructured Sol-Gel Coatings for Functional Applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/2369-3355.2016.03.03.1Keywords:
Durable thin film coating, Surface roughness, Wetting, Superhydrophobic surface, Superhydrophilic surface, Optical coating, Scatter losses.Abstract
Improvement of the wear resistance of functional surfaces is crucial in order to facilitate a variety of practical applications, such as self-cleaning or anti-fogging. This especially holds for functional surface nanostructures, whose tops can easily get worn off when exposed to even low abrasion forces. Thus, our work addresses the enhancement of the wear resistance of such fine-scale structures. We present an efficient manufacturing procedure for generating long-term durable surfaces with simultaneously tailored wetting behavior and high optical quality. Our approach is based on a sol-gel coating that consists of an alumina layer with specific nanoroughness yielding the function-relevant surface structure, and a protective thin smooth silica film providing the mechanical robustness without influencing that functional structure. The roughness of the alumina layer can be systematically adjusted, thus enabling us to achieve desired wetting effects all the way up to superhydrophilicity and, after application of an additional thin hydrophobic top coat, to superhydrophobicity. To demonstrate the enhanced robustness of these coatings we perform abrasive wear tests and investigate the impact of abrasion cycles on the wetting effects and optical properties of the coatings. Furthermore, the durability of the structures is directly revealed by advanced roughness characterization procedures based on Atomic Force Microscopy followed by power spectral density function (PSD) analysis.
References
[1] Ragesh P, Anand Ganesh V, Nair SV, Nair AS. A review on self-cleaning and multifunctional materials. J Mater Chem A 2014; 2: 14773.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02542C
[2] Cannavale A, Fiorito F, Manca M, Tortorici G, Cingolani R, Gigli G. Multifunctional bioinspired sol-gel coatings for architectural glasses. Build Environ 2010; 45: 1233-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.11.010
[3] Marmur A. Wetting on hydrophobic rough surfaces: to be heterogeneous or not to be? Langmuir 2003; 19: 8343-8.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la0344682
[4] Quéré D. Rough ideas on wetting. Phys A Stat Mech its Appl 2002; 313: 32-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01033-6
[5] Wenzel RN. Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Ind Eng Chem 1936; 28: 988-94.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50320a024
[6] Cassie ABD, Baxter S. Wettability of porous surfaces. Trans Faraday Soc 1944; 40: 546.
https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9444000546
[7] Fürstner R, Barthlott W, Neinhuis C, Walzel P. Wetting and self-cleaning properties of artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 2005; 21: 956-61.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la0401011
[8] Koch K, Bhushan B, Jung YC, Barthlott W. Fabrication of artificial Lotus leaves and significance of hierarchical structure for superhydrophobicity and low adhesion. Soft Matter 2009; 5: 1386.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b818940d
[9] Horowitz F, Brandão LEVS, Camargo KC, Michels AF, Balzaretti NM. Nano-microstructured, superhydrophobic, and infrared transparent polytetrafluoroethylene/diamond films. J Nanophotonics 2013; 7: 073596.
https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JNP.7.073596
[10] Min Nie, Patel P, Kai Sun, Meng DD. Superhydrophilic anti-fog polyester film by oxygen plasma treatment. In: 2009 4th IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems IEEE 2009; 1017-20.
[11] Zhao J, Ma L, Millians W, Wu T, Ming W. Dual-functional antifogging/antimicrobial polymer coating. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8: 8737-42.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00748
[12] Mazzola L. Aeronautical livery coating with icephobic property. Surf Eng 2016; 32: 733-44.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2015.1121319
[13] Kreder MJ, Alvarenga J, Kim P, Aizenberg J. Design of anti-icing surfaces: smooth, textured or slippery? Nat Rev Mater 2016; 1: 15003.
https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2015.3
[14] Stover JC. Optical scattering: measurements and analysis, Third Edition Bellingham, Wash. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers; 2012.
[15] Schröder S, Trost M, Garrick M, et al. Origins of light scattering from thin film coatings. Thin Solid Films 2015; 592: 248-55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.02.077
[16] Flemming M, Duparré A. Design and characterization of nanostructured ultrahydrophobic coatings. Appl Opt 2006; 45: 1397.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.001397
[17] Flemming M, Hultaker A, Reihs K, Duparre A. Modeling and characterizing thin film nanostructures for ultrahydrophobic surfaces with controlled optical scatter. In: Amra C, Kaiser N, Macleod HA, editors. 2004. p. 56.
[18] Xiu Y, Xiao F, Hess DW, Wong CP. Superhydrophobic optically transparent silica films formed with a eutectic liquid. Thin Solid Films 2009; 517: 1610-5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2008.09.081
[19] Su C, Li J, Geng H, Wang Q, Chen Q. Fabrication of an optically transparent super-hydrophobic surface via embedding nano-silica. Appl Surf Sci 2006; 253: 2633-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.05.038
[20] Rangel TC, Michels AF, Horowitz FF, Weibel DE. Superomniphobic and easily repairable coatings on copper substrates based on simple immersion or spray processes. Langmuir 2015; 31: 3465-72.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00193
[21] Verho T, Bower C, Andrew P, Franssila S, Ikkala O, Ras RH a. Mechanically durable superhydrophobic surfaces. Adv Mater 2011; 23: 673-8.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201003129
[22] Barthlott W, Neinhuis C. Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta 1997; 202: 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050096
[23] Ebert D, Bhushan B. Durable Lotus-effect surfaces with hierarchical structure using micro- and nanosized hydrophobic silica particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 368: 584-91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.09.049
[24] Kondrashov V, Rühe J. Microcones and nanograss: toward mechanically robust superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 2014; 30: 4342-50.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la500395e
[25] Wang D, Zhang Z, Li Y, Xu C. Highly transparent and durable superhydrophobic hybrid nanoporous coatings fabricated from polysiloxane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6: 10014-21.
https://doi.org/10.1021/am405884x
[26] Aytug T, Simpson JT, Lupini AR, et al. Optically transparent, mechanically durable, nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces enabled by spinodally phase-separated glass thin films. Nanotechnology 2013; 24: 315602.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/31/315602
[27] Infante D, Koch KW, Mazumder P, et al. Durable, superhydrophobic, antireflection, and low haze glass surfaces using scalable metal dewetting nanostructuring. Nano Res 2013; 6: 429-40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-013-0320-z
[28] Hwangbo S, Heo J, Lin X, Choi M, Hong J. Transparent superwetting nanofilms with enhanced durability at model physiological condition. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 19178.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19178
[29] Ebert D, Bhushan B. Transparent, superhydrophobic, and wear-resistant coatings on glass and polymer substrates using SiO2 , ZnO, and ITO nanoparticles. Langmuir 2012; 28: 11391-9.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la301479c
[30] Li F, Du M, Zheng Q. Transparent and durable SiO2-containing superhydrophobic coatings on glass. J Appl Polym Sci 2015; 132: n/a – n/a.
[31] Ahangarani S, Lari N, Shanaghi A. A novel route to prepare hydrophobic and durable antireflective hybrid silica coating by sol-gel method. Prot Met Phys Chem Surfaces 2016; 52: 475-80.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070205116030175
[32] Manca M, Cannavale A, De Marco L, Aricò AS, Cingolani R, Gigli G. Durable superhydrophobic and antireflective surfaces by trimethylsilanized silica nanoparticles-based sol-gel processing. Langmuir 2009; 25: 6357-62.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la804166t
[33] Zeng C, Wang H, Zhou H, Lin T. Self-cleaning, superhydrophobic cotton fabrics with excellent washing durability, solvent resistance and chemical stability prepared from an SU-8 derived surface coating. RSC Adv 2015; 5: 61044-50.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA08040A
[34] Dong T, Zhou Y, Hu D, et al. Free-standing, flexible, multifunctional, and environmentally stable superhydrophobic composite film made of self-assembled organic micro/super-nanostructures through solution process. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 445: 213-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.12.072
[35] Wang C-F, Tzeng F-S, Chen H-G, Chang C-J. Ultraviolet-durable superhydrophobic zinc oxide-coated mesh films for surface and underwater-oil capture and transportation. Langmuir 2012; 28: 10015-9.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la301839a
[36] Jung YC, Bhushan B. Mechanically durable carbon nanotube-composite hierarchical structures with superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, and low-drag. ACS Nano 2009; 3: 4155-63.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nn901509r
[37] Huovinen E, Takkunen L, Korpela T, Suvanto M, Pakkanen TT, Pakkanen TA. Mechanically robust superhydrophobic polymer surfaces based on protective micropillars. Langmuir 2014; 30: 1435-43.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la404248d
[38] Felde N, Coriand L, Duparré A, Notni G. Beschichtung für eine Glasoberfläche, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und Glaselement. Patent Application DE102014112133 A1. 2016 Feb.
[39] Duparré A, Ferre-Borrull J, Gliech S, Notni G, Steinert J, Bennett JM. Surface characterization techniques for determining the root-mean-square roughness and power spectral densities of optical components. Appl Opt 2002; 41: 154.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.41.000154
[40] Brinker CJ, Frye GC, Hurd AJ, Ashley CS. Fundamentals of sol-gel dip coating. Thin Solid Films 1991; 201: 97-108.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(91)90158-T
[41] Minami T, Katata N, Tadanaga K. Preparation and characterization of super-water-repellent Al2O3 coating films with high transparency. In: Dunn BS, Mackenzie JD, Pope EJA, Schmidt HK, Yamane M, editors. SPIE 1997. p. 168-75.
[42] Flemming M, Coriand L, Duparré A. Ultra-hydrophobicity through stochastic surface roughness. J Adhes Sci Technol 2009; 23: 381-400.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156856108X370082
[43] Duparré A, Coriand L. Assessment Criteria for Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Stochastic Roughness. In: Mittal KL, editor. Advances in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013; pp. 197-201.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118795620.ch11
[44] Duparré A, Flemming M, Steinert J, Reihs K. Optical coatings with enhanced roughness for ultrahydrophobic, low-scatter applications. Appl Opt 2002; 41: 3294.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.41.003294
[45] Coriand L, Mitterhuber M, Duparré A, Tünnermann A. Definition of roughness structures for superhydrophobic and hydrophilic optical coatings on glass. Appl Opt 2011; 50: C257-63.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.00C257
[46] Sedin DL, Rowlen KL. Influence of tip size on AFM roughness measurements. Appl Surf Sci 2001; 182: 40-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00432-9
[47] Dziomba T, Koenders L, Wilkening G. Towards a Guideline for SPM Calibration. In: Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005; pp. 171-92.
https://doi.org/10.1002/3527606661.ch13
[48] Marmur A. Solid-surface characterization by wetting. Annu Rev Mater Res 2009; 39: 473-89.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.38.060407.132425
[49] von Finck A, Herffurth T, Schröder S, Duparré A, Sinzinger S. Characterization of optical coatings using a multisource table-top scatterometer. Appl Opt 2014; 53: A259-69.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.53.00A259
[50] Schröder S, von Finck A, Duparré A. Standardization of light scattering measurements. Adv Opt Technol 2015; 4: 361-75.
https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2015-0041
[51] Marmur A. Soft contact: measurement and interpretation of contact angles. Soft Matter 2006; 2: 12-7.
https://doi.org/10.1039/B514811C
https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02542C
[2] Cannavale A, Fiorito F, Manca M, Tortorici G, Cingolani R, Gigli G. Multifunctional bioinspired sol-gel coatings for architectural glasses. Build Environ 2010; 45: 1233-43.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.11.010
[3] Marmur A. Wetting on hydrophobic rough surfaces: to be heterogeneous or not to be? Langmuir 2003; 19: 8343-8.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la0344682
[4] Quéré D. Rough ideas on wetting. Phys A Stat Mech its Appl 2002; 313: 32-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(02)01033-6
[5] Wenzel RN. Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Ind Eng Chem 1936; 28: 988-94.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50320a024
[6] Cassie ABD, Baxter S. Wettability of porous surfaces. Trans Faraday Soc 1944; 40: 546.
https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9444000546
[7] Fürstner R, Barthlott W, Neinhuis C, Walzel P. Wetting and self-cleaning properties of artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 2005; 21: 956-61.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la0401011
[8] Koch K, Bhushan B, Jung YC, Barthlott W. Fabrication of artificial Lotus leaves and significance of hierarchical structure for superhydrophobicity and low adhesion. Soft Matter 2009; 5: 1386.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b818940d
[9] Horowitz F, Brandão LEVS, Camargo KC, Michels AF, Balzaretti NM. Nano-microstructured, superhydrophobic, and infrared transparent polytetrafluoroethylene/diamond films. J Nanophotonics 2013; 7: 073596.
https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JNP.7.073596
[10] Min Nie, Patel P, Kai Sun, Meng DD. Superhydrophilic anti-fog polyester film by oxygen plasma treatment. In: 2009 4th IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems IEEE 2009; 1017-20.
[11] Zhao J, Ma L, Millians W, Wu T, Ming W. Dual-functional antifogging/antimicrobial polymer coating. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8: 8737-42.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b00748
[12] Mazzola L. Aeronautical livery coating with icephobic property. Surf Eng 2016; 32: 733-44.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2015.1121319
[13] Kreder MJ, Alvarenga J, Kim P, Aizenberg J. Design of anti-icing surfaces: smooth, textured or slippery? Nat Rev Mater 2016; 1: 15003.
https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2015.3
[14] Stover JC. Optical scattering: measurements and analysis, Third Edition Bellingham, Wash. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers; 2012.
[15] Schröder S, Trost M, Garrick M, et al. Origins of light scattering from thin film coatings. Thin Solid Films 2015; 592: 248-55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.02.077
[16] Flemming M, Duparré A. Design and characterization of nanostructured ultrahydrophobic coatings. Appl Opt 2006; 45: 1397.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.001397
[17] Flemming M, Hultaker A, Reihs K, Duparre A. Modeling and characterizing thin film nanostructures for ultrahydrophobic surfaces with controlled optical scatter. In: Amra C, Kaiser N, Macleod HA, editors. 2004. p. 56.
[18] Xiu Y, Xiao F, Hess DW, Wong CP. Superhydrophobic optically transparent silica films formed with a eutectic liquid. Thin Solid Films 2009; 517: 1610-5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2008.09.081
[19] Su C, Li J, Geng H, Wang Q, Chen Q. Fabrication of an optically transparent super-hydrophobic surface via embedding nano-silica. Appl Surf Sci 2006; 253: 2633-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.05.038
[20] Rangel TC, Michels AF, Horowitz FF, Weibel DE. Superomniphobic and easily repairable coatings on copper substrates based on simple immersion or spray processes. Langmuir 2015; 31: 3465-72.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00193
[21] Verho T, Bower C, Andrew P, Franssila S, Ikkala O, Ras RH a. Mechanically durable superhydrophobic surfaces. Adv Mater 2011; 23: 673-8.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201003129
[22] Barthlott W, Neinhuis C. Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta 1997; 202: 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050096
[23] Ebert D, Bhushan B. Durable Lotus-effect surfaces with hierarchical structure using micro- and nanosized hydrophobic silica particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 368: 584-91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.09.049
[24] Kondrashov V, Rühe J. Microcones and nanograss: toward mechanically robust superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 2014; 30: 4342-50.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la500395e
[25] Wang D, Zhang Z, Li Y, Xu C. Highly transparent and durable superhydrophobic hybrid nanoporous coatings fabricated from polysiloxane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6: 10014-21.
https://doi.org/10.1021/am405884x
[26] Aytug T, Simpson JT, Lupini AR, et al. Optically transparent, mechanically durable, nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces enabled by spinodally phase-separated glass thin films. Nanotechnology 2013; 24: 315602.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/31/315602
[27] Infante D, Koch KW, Mazumder P, et al. Durable, superhydrophobic, antireflection, and low haze glass surfaces using scalable metal dewetting nanostructuring. Nano Res 2013; 6: 429-40.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-013-0320-z
[28] Hwangbo S, Heo J, Lin X, Choi M, Hong J. Transparent superwetting nanofilms with enhanced durability at model physiological condition. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 19178.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19178
[29] Ebert D, Bhushan B. Transparent, superhydrophobic, and wear-resistant coatings on glass and polymer substrates using SiO2 , ZnO, and ITO nanoparticles. Langmuir 2012; 28: 11391-9.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la301479c
[30] Li F, Du M, Zheng Q. Transparent and durable SiO2-containing superhydrophobic coatings on glass. J Appl Polym Sci 2015; 132: n/a – n/a.
[31] Ahangarani S, Lari N, Shanaghi A. A novel route to prepare hydrophobic and durable antireflective hybrid silica coating by sol-gel method. Prot Met Phys Chem Surfaces 2016; 52: 475-80.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070205116030175
[32] Manca M, Cannavale A, De Marco L, Aricò AS, Cingolani R, Gigli G. Durable superhydrophobic and antireflective surfaces by trimethylsilanized silica nanoparticles-based sol-gel processing. Langmuir 2009; 25: 6357-62.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la804166t
[33] Zeng C, Wang H, Zhou H, Lin T. Self-cleaning, superhydrophobic cotton fabrics with excellent washing durability, solvent resistance and chemical stability prepared from an SU-8 derived surface coating. RSC Adv 2015; 5: 61044-50.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA08040A
[34] Dong T, Zhou Y, Hu D, et al. Free-standing, flexible, multifunctional, and environmentally stable superhydrophobic composite film made of self-assembled organic micro/super-nanostructures through solution process. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 445: 213-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.12.072
[35] Wang C-F, Tzeng F-S, Chen H-G, Chang C-J. Ultraviolet-durable superhydrophobic zinc oxide-coated mesh films for surface and underwater-oil capture and transportation. Langmuir 2012; 28: 10015-9.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la301839a
[36] Jung YC, Bhushan B. Mechanically durable carbon nanotube-composite hierarchical structures with superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, and low-drag. ACS Nano 2009; 3: 4155-63.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nn901509r
[37] Huovinen E, Takkunen L, Korpela T, Suvanto M, Pakkanen TT, Pakkanen TA. Mechanically robust superhydrophobic polymer surfaces based on protective micropillars. Langmuir 2014; 30: 1435-43.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la404248d
[38] Felde N, Coriand L, Duparré A, Notni G. Beschichtung für eine Glasoberfläche, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und Glaselement. Patent Application DE102014112133 A1. 2016 Feb.
[39] Duparré A, Ferre-Borrull J, Gliech S, Notni G, Steinert J, Bennett JM. Surface characterization techniques for determining the root-mean-square roughness and power spectral densities of optical components. Appl Opt 2002; 41: 154.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.41.000154
[40] Brinker CJ, Frye GC, Hurd AJ, Ashley CS. Fundamentals of sol-gel dip coating. Thin Solid Films 1991; 201: 97-108.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(91)90158-T
[41] Minami T, Katata N, Tadanaga K. Preparation and characterization of super-water-repellent Al2O3 coating films with high transparency. In: Dunn BS, Mackenzie JD, Pope EJA, Schmidt HK, Yamane M, editors. SPIE 1997. p. 168-75.
[42] Flemming M, Coriand L, Duparré A. Ultra-hydrophobicity through stochastic surface roughness. J Adhes Sci Technol 2009; 23: 381-400.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156856108X370082
[43] Duparré A, Coriand L. Assessment Criteria for Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Stochastic Roughness. In: Mittal KL, editor. Advances in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013; pp. 197-201.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118795620.ch11
[44] Duparré A, Flemming M, Steinert J, Reihs K. Optical coatings with enhanced roughness for ultrahydrophobic, low-scatter applications. Appl Opt 2002; 41: 3294.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.41.003294
[45] Coriand L, Mitterhuber M, Duparré A, Tünnermann A. Definition of roughness structures for superhydrophobic and hydrophilic optical coatings on glass. Appl Opt 2011; 50: C257-63.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.00C257
[46] Sedin DL, Rowlen KL. Influence of tip size on AFM roughness measurements. Appl Surf Sci 2001; 182: 40-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00432-9
[47] Dziomba T, Koenders L, Wilkening G. Towards a Guideline for SPM Calibration. In: Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2005; pp. 171-92.
https://doi.org/10.1002/3527606661.ch13
[48] Marmur A. Solid-surface characterization by wetting. Annu Rev Mater Res 2009; 39: 473-89.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.38.060407.132425
[49] von Finck A, Herffurth T, Schröder S, Duparré A, Sinzinger S. Characterization of optical coatings using a multisource table-top scatterometer. Appl Opt 2014; 53: A259-69.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.53.00A259
[50] Schröder S, von Finck A, Duparré A. Standardization of light scattering measurements. Adv Opt Technol 2015; 4: 361-75.
https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2015-0041
[51] Marmur A. Soft contact: measurement and interpretation of contact angles. Soft Matter 2006; 2: 12-7.
https://doi.org/10.1039/B514811C
Downloads
Published
2016-12-21
How to Cite
Felde, N., Coriand, L., Duparré, A., & Tünnermann, A. (2016). Wear-Resistant Nanostructured Sol-Gel Coatings for Functional Applications. Journal of Coating Science and Technology, 3(3), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.6000/2369-3355.2016.03.03.1
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
