Osteoblast Behavior on Silicon and Porous-Silicon Substrates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/2369-3355.2017.04.01.1Keywords:
Porous-Si, anodic etching, implant surfaces, osteoblastsAbstract
Osteoblast viability, proliferation, protein expression and mineralization were studied on bare, micro- and nanoporous silicon (Si) substrates. Micro- and nano-porous-Si substrates were prepared by anodic etching of silicon in ethanolic hydrofluoric acid and characterized using scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. Mouse osteoblasts were cultured on these substrates and cellular response to these surfaces was assessed using the Live/Dead Cell Viability assay and the MTT assay for cell proliferation. Osteoblast functionality was assessed using immunohistochemistry for bone protein specific markers. Osteoblasts grew well on micro- and nanoporous silicon substrates over the twenty-one day experimental period supporting the assessment that these are suitable cell supportive surfaces. Cell proliferation rates on bare and nanoporous silicon were similar initially, however, nanoporous silicon displayed enhanced cell proliferation, in comparison to bare silicon, after 14 days in culture. Immunocytochemical assays, using bone specific markers, showed positive reactions for osteonectin and osteopontin expression on all substrates with staining intensity increasing over the 21-day experimental period. Calcium mineral deposits were quantified using the Alizarin Red histochemical assay and nanoporous silicon induced the highest level of calcium mineral production in comparison to bare and microporous silicon. The data supports the potential use of nanoporous silicon as a surface implant coating for dental and orthopedic applications. The ability to dope (and then release) drugs or growth factors from the silicon nanopores offers the potential for a multi-functional implant surface.
References
Medical device coatings market - global industry size, share, Ttrends, Aanalysis & forecasts http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/ medical-device-coatings-market.html#sthash. O0tJiX0F.dpuf
The global joint arthroplasty and orthopedic bone cement market report. Orthop Net News 2012; 23(4); October.
Orthopedic bone cement and casting materials market outlook in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) to 2018.http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2228361/.
Zhao Y, Xiong T, Huang W. Applied Surface Science Effect of heat treatment on bioactivity of anodic titania films. Appl Surf Sci 2010; 256: 3073-3076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.11.075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.11.075
Hetrick EM, Schoenfish MH. Reducing implant-related infections: active release strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2006; 35: 780-789. https://doi.org/10.1039/b515219b DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b515219b
Hardes J, Ahrens H, Gebert C, Streitbuerger A, Buerger H, Erren M, et al. Lack of toxicological side-effects in silver-coated megaprostheses in humans. Biomaterials 2006; 28: 2869-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.033
Zhao LZ, Wang HR, Huo KF, Cui LY, Zhang WR, Ni, HW et al. Antibacterial nano-structured titania coating incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 32: 5706-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.040
Hickok NJ, Shapiro IM. Immobilized antibiotics to prevent orthopaedic implant infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64: 1165-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.015
Wang Q, Yan J, Yang J, Li B. Nanomaterials promise better bone repair. Mat Today 2016; 19(8): 451-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2015.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2015.12.003
Darouiche RO. Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants. New Eng J Med 2004; 350: 1422-9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra035415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra035415
Goodman SB, Zhenyu Y, Keeney M, Yang F. The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 3174-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074
Weerachai S. Biological responses to new advanced surface modifications of endosseous medical implants. Bone Tiss Regen Insights 2009; 2: 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4137/BTRI.S3150
Issacson B, Jeyalina S. Osseointegration: a review of the fundamentals of assuring cementless skeletal fixation Orthoped. Res Rev 2014; 6: 55-65. https://doi.org/10.2147/orr.s59274
Nikhah M, Edalat F, Manoucheri S, Khademhosseini A. Engineering microscale topographies to control the cell-substrate interface. Biomaterials 2012; 33: 5230-5246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.079
Crawford GA, Chawla N, Das K, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Microstructure and deformation behavior of biocompatible TiO2 nanotubes on titanium substrate. Acta Biomat 2007; 3: 359-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2006.08.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2006.08.004
Sun W, Puzas JE, Shei TJ, Liu, X, Fauchet PM. Nano- to microscale porous silicon as a cell interface for bone-tissue engineering. Adv Mater 2007; 19: 921-924. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200600319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200600319
Coffer JL, Whitehead, MA, Nagesha DK, Mukherjee P, Akkaraju G, et al. Porous silicon-based scaffolds for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications. Phys Stat Sol (A) 2005; 202: 1451-1455. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200461134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200461134
Sukul P. MS Thesis, “Fabrication and Characterization of surface modified porous silicon and indium tin oxide for device applications.” Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 2006.
Chiara G, Letzia F, Lorenzo F, Edoardo S, Diego S, et al. Nanostructured biomaterials for tissue engineered bone tissue reconstruction. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13: 737-757. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13010737 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13010737
Goodman SB, Zhenyu Y, Keeney M, Yang F. The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 3174-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074
Alvarez K, Nakajima H. Metallic scaffolds for bone regeneration. Materials 2009; 2: 790-832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2030790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2030790
Issacso B, Jeyalina S. Osseointegration: a review of the fundamentals of assuring cementless skeletal fixation. Orthop Res Rev 2014; 6: 55-65. https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S59274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S59274
Canham LT. Bioactive silicon structure fabrication through nanoetchingtechniques. Adv Mat 1995; 7: 1033-1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19950071215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19950071215
Canham LT, Reeves CL, King DO, Branfield PJ, Crabb JG, Ward CL. Bioactive polycrystalline silicon. Adv Mat 1996; 8: 850-853. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960081020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960081020
Canham LT. Porous Silicon as a Therapeutic Biomaterial, IEEE October 2000; 12-14: 109-112.
Stewart MP, Buriak JM. Chemical and biological applications of silicon technology. Adv Mater 2000; 12: 859-869. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200006)12:12<859::AID-ADMA859>3.0.CO;2-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200006)12:12<859::AID-ADMA859>3.0.CO;2-0
Bisia O, Ossicinib S, Pavesic L. Porous silicon: a quantum sponge structure for silicon based optoelectronics. Surface Science Reports 2000; 38: 1-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(99)00012-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(99)00012-6
Xie Y, Yang ST, Kniss DA. Three-dimensional cell-scaffold constructs promotes efficient gene transfection: Implications for cell-based gene therapy. Tissue Eng 2007; 7: 585-595. https://doi.org/10.1089/107632701753213200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/107632701753213200
Yoshikawa T, Ohgushi H, Akahana M, Tamai S, Ichijima K. Analysis of gene expression on osteogenic cultured marrow-hydroxyapatite constructs implanted at ectopic sites: A comparison with the osteogenic ability of cancellous bone. J of Biomed Mat Res 1998; 41: 568-573. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980915)41:4<568::AID-JBM8>3.0.CO;2-A DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980915)41:4<568::AID-JBM8>3.3.CO;2-6
Park J, Bauer S, von der Mark K, Schmuki P. Nanosize and vitality: TiO2 nanotube diameter directs cell fate. Nano Letters 2007; 7: 1686-91. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl070678d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl070678d
Meyer U, Butcher A, Wiesmann HP, Joos U, Jones DB. Basic reactions of osteoblasts on structured material surfaces. Eur Cells and Mat 2005; 9: 39-49. https://doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v009a06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v009a06
Garcia AJ, Reyes CD. Bio-adhesive surfaces to promote osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation. J of Dental Res 2005; 84: 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400502 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400502
Salgado AJ, Coutinho OP, Reis RL. Bone tissue engineering: State of the art and future trends. Macromolecular Biosci 2004; 4: 743-765. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200400026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200400026
Yaszemski MJ, Oldham JB, Lu L, Currier BL. Bone Engineering, 1st Ed, Em squared, Toronto, Canada 2000.
Navarro M, Michardi A, Castano O, Planell JA. Biomaterials in orthopaedics Interface 2008; 5: 1137-1158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0151
Stevens MM. Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering Materials Today 2008; 11: 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(08)70086-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(08)70086-5
Leguen E, Chassepot A, Decher G, Schaaf P, Voegel J, Jessel N. Bioactive coatings based on polyelectrolyte multilayer architectures functionalized by embedded proteins, peptides or drugs. Biomol Eng 2007; 24: 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.05.023
Chuang HF, Smith RC, Hammond PT. Polyelectrolyte multilayers for tunable release of antibiotics. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9: 1660-1668. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm800185h DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bm800185h
Zhang L, Li B, Zhi ZL, Haynie DT. Perturbation of nanoscale structure of polypeptide multilayer thin films. Langmuir 2005; 21: 5439-5445. https://doi.org/10.1021/la0501381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la0501381
Guillot R, Gilde F, Becquart P, Sailhan F, et al. The stability of BMP loaded polyelectrolyte multilayer coatings on titanium. Biomaterials 2013; 34: 5737-5746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.067
Leguen E, Chassepot A, Decher G, Schaaf P, Voegel J-C, Jessel N. Bioactive coatings based on polyelectrolyte multilayer architectures functionalized by embedded proteins, peptides or drugs. Biomol Eng 2007; 24: 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.05.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.05.023
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .