Nutrition, Exercise, and Pharmaceutical Therapies for Sarcopenic Obesity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5634.2013.02.02.5Keywords:
Sarcopenia, overweight, protein, low-calorie diets, resistance trainingAbstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, with a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and death. Sarcopenic obesity is defined as having both sarcopenia and obesity, a condition reported to be associated with a higher risk for adverse outcomes including functional disability, frailty, poor quality of life, longer hospitalization, and higher mortality rates. The definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia have been described by several working groups on the disease; however, there is no standardized definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity. In this review, we summarize nutrition, exercise, and pharmaceutical therapies for counteracting sarcopenic obesity in humans. Although there are some pharmaceutical therapies for both sarcopenia (i.e., testosterone, growth hormone, ghrelin, and vitamin D) and obesity (orlistat, lorcaserin, phentermine-topiramate, and vitamin D), therapies combining nutrition and exercise remain the first-line choice for preventing and treating sarcopenic obesity. Resistance training combined with supplements containing amino acids are considered most effective for treating sarcopenia. Low-calorie, high-protein diets combined with aerobic exercise and resistance training are recommended for preventing and treating obesity. Therefore, nutrition therapies (low-calorie, high-protein diets, protein and amino acid supplementation) and exercise therapies (resistance training and aerobic exercise) would be expected to be the most effective option for preventing and treating sarcopenic obesity. In cases of severe sarcopenic obesity or failure to achieve muscle gain and weight loss through nutrition and exercise therapies, it is necessary to add pharmaceutical therapies to treat the condition.
References
Rosenberg IH. Summary comments: epidemiological and methodological problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 1231-3. Reference: Available from: URL http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/50/ 5/1231.full.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/50.5.1231
Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: Origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr 1997; 127: 990S-1S. Reference: Available from: URL http://jn.nutrition.org/content/127/5/990S.long DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.5.990S
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010; 39: 412-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034
Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011; 12: 249-56. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC3377163/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003
Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Molecular mechanisms in aging and current strategies to counteract sarcopenia. Curr Aging Sci 2010; 3: 90-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874609811003020090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609811003020090
Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Sarcopenia: molecular mechanisms and current therapeutic strategy. In Cell Aging, Nova Science Publishers, Huntington, NY, USA, 2011, pp 93-152.
Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Novel intriguing strategies attenuating to sarcopenia. J Aging Res 2012; 251217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/251217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/251217
Heber D, Ingles S, Ashley JM, Maxwell MH, Lyons RF, Elashoff RM. Clinical detection of sarcopenic obesity by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64(3 Suppl): 472S-7S. Reference: Available from: URL http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/64/3/472S.long DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.3.472S
Prado CM, Wells JC, Smith SR, Stephan BC, Siervo M. Sarcopenic obesity: A critical appraisal of the current evidence. Clin Nutr 2012; 31: 583-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.06.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.06.010
Baumgartner RN, Wayne SJ, Waters DL, Janssen I, Gallagher D, Morley JE. Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1995-2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.250 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.250
Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cristini C, Abellan van Kan G, Janssen I, Morley JE, et al. Difficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women: the EPIDOS (EPIDemiologie de l'OSteoporose) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1895-900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26950 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26950
Davison KK, Ford ES, Cogswell ME, Dietz WH. Percentage of body fat and body mass index are associated with mobility limitations in people aged 70 and older from NHANES III. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 1802-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50508.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50508.x
Stephen WC, Janssen I. Sarcopenic-obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13: 460-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-009-0084-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-009-0084-z
Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ, Reiman T, Sawyer MB, Martin L, et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 629-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70153-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70153-0
Bouchard DR, Dionne IJ, Brochu M. Sarcopenic/obesity and physical capacity in older men and women: data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17: 2082-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.109
Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Ding J, Harris TB, Tylavsky FA, Newman AB, et al. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 150-5. Reference: Available from: URL http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/1/150.long DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.1.150
Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2: CD003288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003288.pub3
Malafarina V, Uriz-Otano F, Iniesta R, Gil-Guerrero L. Effectiveness of nutritional supplementation on muscle mass in treatment of sarcopenia in old age: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14: 10-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2012.08.001
Biolo G, Ciocchi B, Stulle M, Bosutti A, Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, et al. Calorie restriction accelerates the catabolism of lean body mass during 2 wk of bed rest. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 366-72. Reference: Available from: URL http://ajcn.nutrition. org/content/86/2/366.long DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.2.366
Wall BT, van Loon LJ. Nutritional strategies to attenuate muscle disuse atrophy. Nutr Rev 2013; 71: 195-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nure.12019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12019
Wakabayashi H, Sashika H. Association of nutrition status and rehabilitation outcome in the disuse syndrome: A retrospective cohort study. General Med 2011; 12: 69-74. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/ article/general/12/2/12_2_69/_pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.14442/general.12.69
Kim HK, Suzuki T, Saito K, Yoshida H, Kobayashi H, Kato H, et al. Effects of exercise and amino acid supplementation on body composition and physical function in community-dwelling elderly Japanese sarcopenic women: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012; 60: 16-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03776.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03776.x
Cermak NM, Res PT, de Groot LC, Saris WH, van Loon LJ. Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96: 1454-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.037556 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.037556
Villareal DT, Chode S, Parimi N, Sinacore DR, Hilton T, Armamento-Villareal R, et al. Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1218-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1008234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1008234
Douketis JD, Macie C, Thabane L, Williamson DF. Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 1153-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802982
Santos FL, Esteves SS, da Costa Pereira A, Yancy WS Jr, Nunes JP. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Obes Rev 2012; 13: 1048-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01021.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01021.x
Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Moore HJ, Douthwaite W, Skeaff CM, Summerbell CD. Effect of reducing total fat intake on body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 2012; 345: e7666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7666
Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, Keller U, Yancy WS Jr, Brehm BJ, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 285-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.3.285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.3.285
Hu T, Mills KT, Yao L, Demanelis K, Eloustaz M, Yancy WS Jr, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176: S44-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws264 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws264
Santesso N, Akl EA, Bianchi M, Mente A, Mustafa R, Heels-Ansdell D, et al. Effects of higher- versus lower-protein diets on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66: 780-8. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3392894/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2012.37
Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Brinkworth GD. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96: 1281-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.044321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.044321
Esposito K, Kastorini CM, Panagiotakos DB, Giugliano D. Mediterranean diet and weight loss: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011; 9: 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2010.0031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2010.0031
Thomas DE, Elliott EJ, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 3: CD005105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006296
Tsai AG, Wadden TA. The evolution of very-low-calorie diets: an update and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 1283-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.146
Wu T, Gao X, Chen M, van Dam RM. Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2009; 10: 313-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00547.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00547.x
Miyachi M, Ando D, Oida Y, Oguma Y, Ono R, Kitabatake Y, et al. Treatment indications for sarcopenia: a systematic review of exercise intervention effect. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2011; 48: 51-4. [Article in Japanese] Reference: Available from: URL http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ geriatrics/48/1/48_1_51/_pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.48.51
Peterson MD, Rhea MR, Sen A, Gordon PM. Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9: 226-37. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC2892859/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2010.03.004
Liu CJ, Latham NK. Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 3: CD002759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2
Ozaki H, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud RS, Stager JM, Abe T. Possibility of leg muscle hypertrophy by ambulation in older adults: a brief review. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8: 369-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S43837 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S43837
Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, Maki M, Yachi Y, Asumi M, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009; 301: 2024-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.681
Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 4: CD003817. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003817.pub3
Thorogood A, Mottillo S, Shimony A, Filion KB, Joseph L, Genest J, et al. Isolated aerobic exercise and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2011; 124: 747-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.02.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.02.037
Richardson CR, Newton TL, Abraham JJ, Sen A, Jimbo M, Swartz AM. A meta-analysis of pedometer-based walking interventions and weight loss. Ann Fam Med 2008; 6: 69-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.761 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.761
Strasser B, Siebert U, Schobersberger W. Resistance training in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of resistance training on metabolic clustering in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism. Sports Med 2010; 40: 397-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11531380-000000000-00000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11531380-000000000-00000
Dietz P, Hoffmann S, Lachtermann E, Simon P. Influence of exclusive resistance training on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight or obese children: a systematic review. Obes Facts 2012; 5: 546-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000341560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000341560
Ismail I, Keating SE, Baker MK, Johnson NA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat. Obes Rev 2012; 13: 68-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00931.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00931.x
Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-704
Bhasin S, Calof OM, Storer TW, Lee ML, Mazer NA, Jasuja R, et al. Drug insight: Testosterone and selective androgen receptor modulators as anabolic therapies for chronic illness and aging. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2006; 2: 146-59. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC2072878/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpendmet0120
Ottenbacher KJ, Ottenbacher ME, Ottenbacher AJ, Acha AA, Ostir GV. Androgen treatment and muscle strength in elderly men: A meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 1666-73. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC1752197/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00938.x
Fernández-Balsells MM, Murad MH, Lane MA, Lampropulos JF, Albuquerque F, Mullan RJ, et al. Adverse effects of testosterone therapy in adult men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 2560-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2575
Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, Storer TW, Farwell WR, Jette AM, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 109-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1000485 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1000485
Liu H, Bravata DM, Olkin I, Nayak S, Roberts B, Garber AM, et al. Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 104-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00005
White HK, Petrie CD, Landschulz W, et al. Effects of an oral growth hormone secretagogue in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 1198-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0632
Giannoulis MG, Sonksen PH, Umpleby M, MacLean D, Taylor A, Lyles K, et al. The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 477-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0957
Giannoulis MG, Jackson N, Shojaee-Moradie F, Nair KS, Sonksen PH, Martin FC, et al. The effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone on whole body protein kinetics and skeletal muscle gene expression in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3066-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2695 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2695
Sattler FR, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Binder EF, Schroeder ET, Wang Y, Bhasin S, et al. Testosterone and growth hormone improve body composition and muscle performance in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 1991-2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-2338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-2338
Schroeder ET, He J, Yarasheski KE, Binder EF, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Bhasin S, et al. Value of measuring muscle performance to assess changes in lean mass with testosterone and growth hormone supplementation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112: 1123-31. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3448487/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2077-y
Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999; 402: 656-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/45230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/45230
Nass R, Pezzoli SS, Oliveri MC, Patrie JT, Harrell FE Jr, Clasey JL, et al. Effects of an oral ghrelin mimetic on body composition and clinical outcomes in healthy older adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 601-11. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC2757071/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-149-9-200811040-00003
Akamizu T, Iwakura H, Ariyasu H, Murayama T, Sumi E, Teramukai S, et al. Effects of ghrelin treatment on patients undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthritis: different outcomes from studies in patients with cardiac and pulmonary cachexia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 2363-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02031.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02031.x
Al-Said YA, Al-Rached HS, Al-Qahtani HA, Jan MM. Severe proximal myopathy with remarkable recovery after vitamin D treatment. Can J Neurol Sci 2009; 36: 336-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0317167100007083
Fabbriciani G, Pirro M, Leli C, Cecchetti A, Callarelli L, Rinonapoli G, et al. Diffuse muscoskeletal pain and proximal myopathy: do not forget hypovitaminosis D. J Clin Rheumatol 2010; 16: 34-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181c3b2c0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181c3b2c0
Houston DK, Neiberg RH, Tooze JA, Hausman DB, Johnson MA, Cauley JA, et al. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D predicts the onset of mobility limitation and disability in community-dwelling older adults: The Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68: 181-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls136
Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P, Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 5766-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030604
Scott D, Blizzard L, Fell J, Ding C, Winzenberg T, Jones G. A prospective study of the associations between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, sarcopenia progression and physical activity in older adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73: 581-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03858.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03858.x
Kim MK, Baek KH, Song KH, Il Kang M, Park CY, Lee WY, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with sarcopenia in older Koreans, regardless of obesity: the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES IV) 2009. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 3250-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1602
Seo JA, Cho H, Eun CR, Yoo HJ, Kim SG, Choi KM, et al. Association between visceral obesity and sarcopenia and vitamin D deficiency in older Koreans: the Ansan Geriatric Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012; 60: 700-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03887.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03887.x
Marantes I, Achenbach SJ, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd, Amin S. Is vitamin D a determinant of muscle mass and strength? J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26: 2860-71. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC3248226/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.510
Annweiler C, Schott AM, Berrut G, Fantino B, Beauchet O. Vitamin D-related changes in physical performance: a systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13: 893-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-009-0248-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-009-0248-x
Stockton KA, Mengersen K, Paratz JD, Kandiah D, Bennell KL. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22: 859-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1407-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1407-y
Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DC. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 3: CD004094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004094.pub2
Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2007; 335: 1194-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25
Zhou YH, Ma XQ, Wu C, , Lu J, Zhang SS, Guo J, et al. Effect of anti-obesity drug on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2012; 7: e39062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039062
Chan EW, He Y, Chui CS, Wong AY, Lau WC, Wong IC. Efficacy and safety of lorcaserin in obese adults: a meta-analysis of 1-year randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and narrative review on short-term RCTs. Obes Rev 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obr.12015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12015
Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, Peterson CA, Troupin B, Schwiers ML, et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 1341-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60205-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60205-5
Allison DB, Gadde KM, Garvey WT, Peterson CA, Schwiers ML, Najarian T, et al. Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 330-42. Reference: Available from: URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3270297/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.330
Garvey WT, Ryan DH, Look M, Gadde KM, Allison DB, Peterson CA, et al. Two-year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled-release phentermine/ topiramate in obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 extension study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95: 297-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.024927 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.024927
Smith SM, Meyer M, Trinkley KE. Phentermine/Topiramate for the treatment of obesity (March). Ann Pharmacother 2013; 47: 340-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1R501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1R501
Saneei P, Salehi-Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in relation to body mass index: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2013; 14: 393-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obr.12016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12016
Vimaleswaran KS, Berry DJ, Lu C, Tikkanen E, Pilz S, Hiraki LT, et al. Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts. PLoS Med 2013; 10: e1001383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001383 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001383
Hwang B, Lim JY, Lee J, Choi NK, Ahn YO, Park BJ. Prevalence rate and associated factors of sarcopenic obesity in korean elderly population. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27: 748-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2012.27.7.748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2012.27.7.748
Chung JY, Kang HT, Lee DC, Lee HR, Lee YJ. Body composition and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly: a focus on sarcopenic obesity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 56: 270-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.09.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.09.007
Kim TN, Park MS, Lim KI, Choi HY, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, et al. Relationships between sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D status: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 78: 525-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04433.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04433.x
Sneve M, Figenschau Y, Jorde R. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not result in weight reduction in overweight and obese subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159: 675-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EJE-08-0339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-08-0339
Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, et al. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1321-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004
Salehpour A, Hosseinpanah F, Shidfar F, Vafa M, Razaghi M, Dehghani S, et al. A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women. Nutr J 2012; 11: 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-78 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-78
Rosenblum JL, Castro VM, Moore CE, Kaplan LM. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased abdominal visceral adipose tissue in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95: 101-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.019489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.019489
Weinheimer EM, Sands LP, Campbell WW. A systematic review of the separate and combined effects of energy restriction and exercise on fat-free mass in middle-aged and older adults: implications for sarcopenic obesity. Nutr Rev 2010; 68: 375-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00298.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00298.x
Vincent HK, Raiser SN, Vincent KR. The aging musculoskeletal system and obesity-related considerations with exercise. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11: 361-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.002
Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Sarcopenic obesity and endocrinal adaptation with age. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 204164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/204164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/204164
Avenell A, Brown TJ, McGee MA, Campbell MK, Grant AM, Broom J, et al. What interventions should we add to weight reducing diets in adults with obesity? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of adding drug therapy, exercise, behaviour therapy or combinations of these interventions. J Hum Nutr Diet 2004; 17: 293-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2004.00530.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2004.00530.x
Dixon JB, Strauss BJ, Laurie C, O'Brien PE. Changes in body composition with weight loss: obese subjects randomized to surgical and medical programs. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 1187-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.639
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
