Clinical Test of Pyrroles in Psychiatric Disorders: Association with Nutritional, Immunological and Metabolic Markers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5634.2015.04.01.2Keywords:
Pyrroles, indicans, urobilinogens, histamine, nutrient deficiency, psychiatric disorders.Abstract
Background: Psychiatrists started using urine pyrroles (hydroxyhemopyrrolin-2-one, HPL) to diagnose psychiatric disorders many years ago. The biological origins of HPL are not known, nor are the causes of elevated urinary pyrrole excretion well understood.
Methods: In the present study we analyzed the level of pyrroles in 148 patients with schizophrenia, 135 patients with bipolar disorder, 97 patients with depression, 119 patients with ADHD and compared these data with the results of pyrrole tests for patients with non-psychiatric conditions and healthy volunteers.
Results: According to our data, urinary pyrrole concentrations tended to be high in patients with psychiatric disorders, but elevated level of pyrroles was not specific for only these patients. We found evidence of an allergy related component in the fact that elevated pyrrole levels were significantly more prevalent in subjects with elevated histamine values. A role of intestinal bacteria, or imbalances in intestinal bacterial metabolism, was also suggested based on the found relationship between elevated pyrrole levels and elevations in indicans and urobilinogens. In addition, our data demonstrated that subjects with severely elevated pyrrole levels were deficient in nutrients such as zinc, vitamin B3, and vitamin C.
Conclusion: Thus, pyrrole excretion seems to be a component of illness in general and not strictly psychiatric disorders.
References
Irvine DG. Apparently non-indolic Ehrlich-positive substances related to mental illness. J Neuropsychiat 1961; 2: 292-305.
Hoffer A, Osmond H. Malvaria: a new psychiatric disease. Actapsychiat Scand 1963; 39: 335-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1963.tb07470.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1963.tb07470.x
Hoffer A. The presence of malvaria in some mentally retarded children. Arnl Ment Def 1963; 67: 730-732.
Irvine DG, Bayne W, Miyashita H, Maimer JR. Identification of kryptopyrrole in human urine and its relation to psychosis. Nature (London) 1969; 224: 811-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/224811a0
Irvine DG. Mauve factor and 6-sulfatoxy skatole: two biochemical abnormalities associated with specific measures of psychiatric disease. Clin Chem 1963; 9: 444-445.
Irvine DG, Bayne W, Miyashita H. The main form of naturally-occurring kryptopyrrole: its 5-OH-2-lactam, a product of pyrrolooxygenase. Report to the Psychiatric Research Meeting of the Saskatchewan Psychiatric Association 1973; 46-67.
Irvine DG, Bayne W, Miyashita H, Majer JR. Identification of kryptopyrrole in human urine and its relation to psychosis. Nature 1969; 224: 811-813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/224811a0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/224811a0
Sohler A, Beck R, Noval JJ. Mauve factor re-identified as 2.4-dimethyl-3-ethyl pyrroleand its sedative effect on the CNS. Nature 1970; 228: 1318-1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2281318a0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/2281318a0
Irvine DG, Wetrerberg L. Kryptopyrrole-like substance in acute intermittent porphyria. Lancet 1972; 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92630-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(72)92630-X
Irvine DG, Wilson DL. Oxidized monopyrroles in porphyric disorders and related conditions. In: Doss, M. editor. Porphyrins in Human Diseases. 1st. Int. Porphyrin Meet. Frieburg/Br. Basel: Karger 1976; 217-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000398746
Hoffer A. Malvaria, schizophrenia and the HOD test. Int J Neuropsychiatry 1965; 2: 175-178.
Pfeiffer CC, Iliev V. Pyroluria, urinary mauve factor causes double deficiency of B6 and zinc in schizophrenics. Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 1973; 32: 276.
Pfeiffer CC, Sohler A, Jenney EH. Treatment of pyroluric schizophrenia (malvaria) with large doses of pyridoxine and a dietary supplement of zinc. J Appl Nutr 1974; 26: 21-28.
Irvine DG. Kryptopyrrole and other monopyrroles in molecular neurobiology. Int Rev Neurobiol 1974; 16: 145-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60196-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(08)60196-8
Sohler A, Holsztynska MS, Pfeiffer CC. A rapid screening test for pyroluria; useful indistinguishing a schizophrenic population. J Orthomolec Psychiatr 1974; 3: 273-279.
Jackson JA, Riordan HD, Neathery S. Vitamin, blood lead, and urine pyrrole levels in Down syndrome. Am Clin Lab 1990; 1: 8-9.
Sohler A, Renz RH, Smith S, Kaufman J. Significance of hydroxyskatole and mauve factor excretion in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychiatry 1967; 3: 327-331.
McGinnis WR, Audhya T, Walsh, WJ. Jackson JA, McLaren-Howard J, Lewis A, Lauda PH, Bibus DM, Jurnak F, Hoffer A. Discerning the mauve factor, Part 1. Alternative therapies 2008; 14: 46-62.
Mikirova NA, Casciari JJ, Hunninghake RE. The Orthomolecular Correction of Metabolic Imbalances Found in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Retrospective Analysis in an Outpatient Clinic. J Orthomolecular Medicine 2013; 28: 1-10.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .