Building Resilience Among College Students: A Cross-Cultural Investigation on the Importance of Quality Crisis Communication and Social Support
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/2818-3401.2024.02.03Keywords:
COVID-19, emotional exhaustion, crisis communication, social support theory, JD-R model, resilienceAbstract
Building on job demands-resources (JD-R model) and the social support theory, this study investigates how perceived quality of crisis communication and social support influence perceived uncertainties, emotional exhaustion, and resilience among college students in Kenya and the United States during the COVID-19 crisis. Data were collected using a survey (N= 394). The results indicate that higher perceived quality of crisis communication is associated with lower perceived uncertainties about the COVID-19 crisis. Both peer and advisor support are found to reduce students' perceived uncertainties. Notably, Kenyan students reported receiving more peer support compared to American students, while American students reported higher levels of advisor support. Additionally, perceived uncertainties mediated the relationship between advisor support and emotional exhaustion. Contrary to expectations, organizational intransigence did not moderate the relationship between social support and perceived uncertainties. Finally, a positive association was observed between perceived quality of crisis communication and resilience among students. These findings suggest the importance of effective crisis communication and social support in fostering resilience among students, with implications for both policy and practice across different cultural contexts.
References
Allen, J., Jimmieson, N. L., Bordia, P., & Irmer, B. E. (2007). Uncertainty during organizational change: Managing perceptions through communication. Journal of Change Management, 7(2), 187-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010701563379 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010701563379
Amason, P., Allen, M. W., & Holmes, S. A. (1999). Social support and acculturative stress in the multicultural workplace. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27(4), 310-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889909365543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889909365543
An, S.-K., Park, D.-J., Cho, S., & Berger, B. (2010). A cross-cultural study of effective organizational crisis response strategy in the United States and South Korea. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 4(4), 225-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118x.2010.515543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2010.515543
Aristovnik, A., Keržič, D., Ravšelj, D., Tomaževič, N., & Umek, L. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on life of higher education students: Global survey dataset from the first wave. Data in Brief, 39, 107659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107659 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107659
Ayyub, B. M. (2013). Systems resilience for multihazard environments: Definition, metrics, and valuation for decision making. Risk Analysis, 34(2), 340-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12093
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bao, W. (2020). COVID ‐19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(2), 113-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191
Beck, A. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2016). A unified model of depression. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 596-619. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702616628523 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702616628523
Boin, A., T’ Hart, P., & Kuipers, S. (2018). The crisis approach. In H. Rodríguez, W. Donner, & J. E. Trainor (Eds.), Handbook of disaster research (pp. 23-38). Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_2
Bordia, P., Hunt, E., Paulsen, N., Tourish, D., & DiFonzo, N. (2004). Uncertainty during orga- nizational change: Is it all about control? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(3), 345-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320444000128 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320444000128
Buzzanell, P. M. (2010). Resilience: Talking, resisting, and imagining new normalcies into being. Journal of Communication, 60(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01469.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01469.x
Charoensukmongkol, P. (2017). Contributions of mindfulness during post-merger integration. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(1), 104-118. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-02-2016-0039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-02-2016-0039
Charoensukmongkol, P., Moqbel, M., & Gutierrez-Wirsching, S. (2016). The role of coworker and supervisor support on job burnout and job satisfaction. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/jamr-06-2014-0037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-06-2014-0037
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Phungsoonthorn, T. (2020). The interaction effect of crisis communication and social support on the emotional exhaustion of university employees during the COVID-19 crisis. International Journal of Business Communication, 232948842095318. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420953188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420953188
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Phungsoonthorn, T. (2021). The effectiveness of supervisor support in lessening perceived uncertainties and emotional exhaustion of university employees during the COVID-19 crisis: The constraining role of organizational intransigence. The Journal of General Psychology, 148(4), 431-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2020.1795613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2020.1795613
Chen, C. (2016). The role of resilience and coping styles in subjective well-being among Chinese University students. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(3), 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0274-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0274-5
Chmitorz, A., Kunzler, A., Helmreich, I., Tüscher, O., Kalisch, R., Kubiak, T., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2018). Intervention studies to foster resilience-A systematic review and proposal for a resilience framework in future intervention studies. Clinical psychology review, 59, 78-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.002
Claeys, A.-S., Cauberghe, V., & Vyncke, P. (2010). Restoring reputations in times of crisis: An experimental study of the situational crisis communication theory and the moderating effects of locus of control. Public Relations Review, 36(3), 256-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.05.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.05.004
Cohen, S., Gottlieb, B., & Underwood, L. (2000). Social relationships and health. In S. Cohen, L. Underwood, & B. Gottlieb (Eds.), Measuring and intervening in social support (pp. 3-25). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.003.0001
Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Vogel, B. (2006). Emotion as mediators of the relations between perceived supervisor support and psychological hardiness on employee cynicism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 463-484. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.381
Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10, 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049
Døjbak, D., Burton, R. M., Obel, B., & Lauridsen, J. (2008). How failure to align organizational climate and leadership style affects performance. Management Decision, 46(3), 406-432. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810863861 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740810863861
Dov, Z. (2008). Safety climate and beyond: A multi-level multi-climate framework. Safety Science, 46(3), 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.03.006
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, D. L., Coombs, C., Constantiou, I., Duan, Y., Edwards, J. S., Gupta, B., Lal, B., Misra, S., Prashant, P., Raman, R., Rana, N. P., Sharma, S. K., & Upadhyay, N. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on information management research and practice: Transforming education, work and life. International Journal of Information Management, 55(102211), 102211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102211 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102211
Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., & Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 565-573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.3.565
Elsevier. (2018). Africa generates less than 1% of the world's research; data analytics can change that. Elsevier Connect. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.elsevier.com/ connect/africa-generates-less-than-1-of-the-worlds-research-data-analytics-can-change-that
Fearn-Banks, K. (2017). Crisis communications: A casebook approach (5th ed.). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315684857
Fernández-Olmos, M., Bernal Cuenca, E., & Salami-Adesenya, A. (2021). The effects of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on the academic performance of business students. INTED2021 Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.0098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.0098
Fleming, M. D., Safaeinili, N., Knox, M., & Brewster, A. L. (2024). Organizational and community resilience for COVID‐19 and beyond: Leveraging a system for health and social services integration. Health Services Research, 59 Suppl 1((Suppl 1), e14250). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.14250 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.14250
Fullerton, D. J., Zhang, L. M., & Kleitman, S. (2021). An integrative process model of resilience in an academic context: Resilience resources, coping strategies, and positive adaptation. PLoS ONE, 16(2), Article e0246000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246000
Gritsenko, V., Skugarevsky, O., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., Marinova, T., Reznik, A., & Isralowitz, R. (2020). COVID-19 fear, stress, anxiety, and substance use among Russian and Belarusian University students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2362-2368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00330-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00330-z
Hamza, C. A., Ewing, L., Heath, N. L., & Goldstein, A. L. (2021). When social isolation is nothing new: A longitudinal study psychological distress during COVID-19 among university students with and without preexisting mental health concerns. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 62(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000255
Hassan, Z. A., Schattner, P., & Mazza, D. (2005). Doing A pilot study: Why is it essential? Malaysian Family Physician: The Official Journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 1(2-3), 70-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC4453116/
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
Hayes, A. (n.d.). The PROCESS macro for SPSS, SAS, and R. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from http://www.processmacro. org/index.html
Herrman, H., & Kieling, C. (2021). Symptoms of depression and anxiety during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Implications for mental health. Medical Journal of Australia, 214(10), 460-461. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51080
Hirschfeld, G., & Thielsch, M. T. (2022). Impact of crisis communication strategies on people’s attitudes toward behavioral guidelines regarding COVID-19 and on their trust in local officials. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 13(4), 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-022-00424-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-022-00424-3
Hofstede, G. H. (1984). Culture's consequences, international differences in work-related values. Sage.
Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1987). The confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(88)90009-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(88)90009-5
Hu, Q., Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2016). Extending the job demands-resources model with guanxi exchange. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(1), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-04-2013-0102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-04-2013-0102
Kazerooni, A., Amini, M., Tabari, P., & Moosavi, M. (2020). Peer mentoring for medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic via a social media platform. Medical education, 54(8), 762-763. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14206
Killgore, W. D. S., Cloonan, S. A., Taylor, E. C., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113117
Kim, M.-S. (1994). Cross-cultural comparisons of the perceived importance of conversational constraints. Human Communication Research, 21(1), 128-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1994.tb00343.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1994.tb00343.x
Kim, D. K. D., & Kreps, G. L. (2020). An analysis of government communication in the United States during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Recommendations for effective government health risk communication. World Medical & Health Policy, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.363
Kimhi, S., Marciano, H., Eshel, Y., & Adini, B. (2020). Recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic: Distress and resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 101843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101843
Klinoff, V. A., Van Hasselt, V. B., Black, R. A., Masias, E. V., & Couwels, J. (2018). The assessment of resilience and burnout in correctional officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818778719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818778719
Labrague, L. J., & Ballad, C. A. (2021). Lockdown fatigue among college students during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Predictive role of personal resilience, coping behaviors, and health. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12765
Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. (2016). Toward a critical race theory of education. Critical Race Theory in Education, 10-31. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315709796-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315709796-2
Lambert, E. G., Qureshi, H., Frank, J., Klahm, C., & Smith, B. (2018). Job stress, job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and their associations with job burnout among Indian police officers: A research note. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 33(2), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-017-9236-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-017-9236-y
Lesch, M., & Millar, H. (2021). Crisis, uncertainty, and urgency: Processes of learning and emulation in tax policy making. West European Politics, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1949681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1949681
Li, Y., Wang, A., Wu, Y., Han, N., & Huang, H. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669119
Li, Z., & Li, Q. (2024). How social support affects resilience in disadvantaged students: The chain-mediating roles of school belonging and emotional experience. Behavioral Sciences, 14(2), 114-114. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020114
Linnenluecke, M. K. (2015). Resilience in business and management research: A review of influential publications and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 4-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12076 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12076
Ma, V., & Schoeneman, T. J. (1997). Individualism versus collec-tivism: A comparison of Kenyan and American self-concepts. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(2), 261-273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1902_7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1902_7
Marincola, E., & Kariuki, T. (2020). Quality research in Africa and why it is important. ACS Omega, 5(38), 24155-24157. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04327
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The Maslach Burnout Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t05190-000
Michelli, J. A. (2020). Stronger through adversity: World class leaders share pandemic-tested lessons on thriving during the toughest challenges. McGraw Hill.
Milliken, F. J. (1987). Three types of perceived uncertainty about the environment: State, effect, and response uncertainty. Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306502 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306502
Moussa, M., McMurray, A., & Muenjohn, N. (2018). A conceptual framework of the factors influencing innovation in public sector organizations. The Journal of Developing Areas, 52(3), 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2018.0048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2018.0048
Mukhtar, Ms. S. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial aspects of Coronavirus outbreak in Pakistan: Psychological intervention for public mental health crisis. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102069
Murphy, M. P. (2020). COVID-19 and emergency eLearning: Consequences of the securitization of higher education for post-pandemic pedagogy. Contemporary Security Policy, 41(3), 492-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2020.1761749 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2020.1761749
Mwangi, K. W., Mainye, N., Ouso, D. O., Esoh, K., Muraya, A. W., Mwangi, C. K., Naitore, C., Karega, P., Musundi, S., Mutisya, J., Mwangi, E., Mgawe, C., Miruka, S., Kibet, C. K., & Collaborators, O. (2021). Open Science in Kenya: Where Are We? Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2021.669675 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2021.669675
Ndone, J. (2023). Internal crisis communication: The effects of negative employee-organization relationships on internal reputation and employees’ unsupportive behavior. Public Relations Review, 49(4), 102357-102357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102357
Ndone, J., & Kiura, M. (2022, May,26-30). Mitigating emotional exhaustion among college students during COVID-19: The role of crisis communication, social support, and coping [Paper presentation]. ICA 2022: Paris, France. https://www.icahdq.org/page/ICA2022
Ndone, J., Warner, B. R., & Duffy, M. E. (2022). Emotional crisis communication: The effects of CEO’s expression of guilt and anger on organizational reputation. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 16(5), 685-699. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118x.2022.2085574 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2022.2085574
Page, T. G. (2022). The reputational benefits of instructing information: The first test of the revised model of reputation repair. Public Relations Review, 48(5), 102256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102256
Patterson, M. G., West, M. A., Shackleton, V. J., Dawson, J. F., Lawthom, R., Maitlis, S., Robinson, D. L., & Wallace, A. M. (2005). Validating the organizational climate measure: Links to managerial practices, productivity, and Innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 379-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.312
Plakhotnik, M. S., Volkova, N. V., Jiang, C., Yahiaoui, D., Pheiffer, G., McKay, K., Newman, S., & Reißig-Thust, S. (2021). The perceived impact of COVID-19 on student well-being and the mediating role of the university support: Evidence from France, Germany, Russia, and the UK. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642689
Secades, X. G., Molinero, O., Salguero, A., Barquín, R. R., de la Vega, R., & Márquez, S. (2016). Relationship between resilience and coping strategies in competitive sport. Perceptual and motor skills, 122(1), 336-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516631056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516631056
Seeger, M. W., & Mitra, R. (2019). Crisis and resilience. In J. McDonald, & R. Mitra (Eds), Movements in organizational communication research (pp. 253-271). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203730089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203730089-14
Seriwatana, P., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2020). The effect of cultural intelligence on burnout of Thai cabin crew in non-national airlines moderated by job tenure. ABAC Journal, 40(1), 1-19. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/ pdf/304907431.pdf
Shumaker, S. A., & Brownell, A. (1984). Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 11-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01105.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01105.x
Skiba, T., & Wildman, J. L. (2019). Uncertainty reducer, exchange deepener, or self-determination enhancer? Feeling trust versus feeling trusted in supervisor-subordinate relation-ships. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(2), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-9537-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-018-9537-x
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/21279
Tang, W., Hu, T., Hu, B., Jin, C., Wang, G., Xie, C., Chen, S., & Xu, J. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.009
Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Ellingson, J. E. (2013). The impact of coworker support on employee turnover in the hospitality industry. Group & Organization Management, 38(5), 630-653. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113503039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113503039
Thompson, D.-C., Barbu, M.-G., Beiu, C., Popa, L. G., Mihai, M. M., Berteanu, M., & Popescu, M. N. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities worldwide: An overview on international issues. BioMed Research International, 2020, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8870249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8870249
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96(3), 506-520. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.96.3.506
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
Tummers, L., Steijn, B., Nevicka, B., & Heerema, M. (2018). The effects of leadership and job autonomy on vitality: Survey and experimental evidence. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(3), 355-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x16671980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X16671980
Valeri, L., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2013). Mediation analysis allowing for exposure-mediator interactions and causal interpretation: Theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros: Correction to Valeri and VanderWeele (2013). Psychological Methods, 18(4), 474-474. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035596
Van Zoonen, W., & Van der Meer, T. (2015). The importance of source and credibility percep- tion in times of crisis: Crisis communication in a socially mediated era. Journal of Public Relations Research, 27(5), 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2015.1062382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2015.1062382
Wang, C., Cheng, Z., Yue, X. G., & McAleer, M. (2020). Risk management of COVID-19 by universities in China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13, 36-41. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13020036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13020036
Watermeyer, R., Crick, T., Knight, C., & Goodall, J. (2021). COVID-19 and digital disruption in UK universities: Afflictions and affordances of emergency online migration. Higher Education, 81(3). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s10734-020-00561-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00561-y
Williams, T. A., Gruber, D. A., Sutcliffe, K. M., Shepherd, D. A., & Zhao, E. Y. (2017). Organizational response to adversity: Fusing crisis management and resilience research streams. Academy of Management Annals, 11(2), 733-769. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0134
Woon, E., & Pang, A. (2017). Explicating the information vacuum: Stages, intensifications, and implications. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 22(3), 329-353. https://doi.org/10.1108/ccij-10-2016-0066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-10-2016-0066
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 486-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.83.3.486
Zis, P., Artemiadis, A., Bargiotas, P., Nteveros, A., & Hadjigeorgiou, G. M. (2021). Medical studies during the COVID-19 pandemic: The impact of digital learning on medical students’ burnout and mental health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010349
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
