Beverage Consumption in the Diets of Children is Not Consistently Associated with Weight: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2014
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2018.07.02.2Keywords:
Beverage, consumption, NHANES, weight status, children.Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine whether there was significant risk associated with types of beverages consumed on the weight status in children.
Design: Nationally representative cross-sectional sample.
Setting: Demographic information was obtained from the NHANES interviews. Dietary intake data were obtained from Day 1, in-person 24-hour dietary recall interviews administered using an automated multiple-pass method. Height and weight were obtained according to NHANES Anthropometry Procedures Manual.
Subjects: Children 2-18 years of age.
Results: The likelihood of being overweight or obese was not significant for any of the beverages studied between consumers and non-consumers. For the total sample, for every 29.6 mL of water consumed the risk of being obese was 1%. For ages 6-11 years water consumption increased the risk of being obese and in ages 2-5 years, consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) increased the risk of being obese. The risk of being obese was significant p <0.05 for Hispanic males for every 29.6 mL of water consumed and for 100% fruit juice and SSB for other males; increased risk was ?3%. The risk of being obese increased for White females for every 29.6 mL of flavored milk consumed and water consumption for both Black females and Hispanic females; the significant p<0.05 increased risk of obesity was ?7%.
Conclusions: Beverage consumption was not consistently associated with weight status in the diets of a nationally representative sample of children. In some cases the increased risk was very small.
References
Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2004. Available from: https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/water_full_report.pdf.
Kant AK, Graubard BI. Contributors of water intake in us children and adolescents: Associations with dietary and meal characteristics--national health and nutrition examination survey 2005-2006. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 887-96. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29708
Kant AK, Graubard BI, Atchison EA. Intakes of plain water, moisture in foods and beverages, and total water in the adult us population--nutritional, meal pattern, and body weight correlates: National health and nutrition examination surveys 1999-2006. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 655-63. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27749
Popkin BM. Patterns of beverage use across the lifecycle. Physiol Behav 2010; 100: 4-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.12.022
Mesirow MS, Welsh JA. Changing beverage consumption patterns have resulted in fewer liquid calories in the diets of us children: National health and nutrition examination survey 2001-2010. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015; 115: 559-66 e4.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Scientific report of the 2015 dietary guidelines advisory committee. Washington, DC: 2015.
Watowicz RP, Anderson SE, Kaye GL, Taylor CA. Energy contribution of beverages in us children by age, weight, and consumer status. Child Obes 2015; 11: 475-83. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2015.0022
Popkin BM, Armstrong LE, Bray GM, Caballero B, Frei B, Willett WC. A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the united states. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 529-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.83.3.529
Keast DR, Fulgoni VL 3rd, Nicklas TA, O'Neil CE. Food sources of energy and nutrients among children in the united states: National health and nutrition examination survey 2003-2006. Nutrients 2013; 5: 283-301. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5010283
Rice BH, Quann EE, Miller GD. Meeting and exceeding dairy recommendations: Effects of dairy consumption on nutrient intakes and risk of chronic disease. Nutr Rev 2013; 71: 209-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12007
Sebastian RS, Goldman JD, Ennis CW, LaComb RP. Fluid milk consumption in the united states. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2005-2006. Beltsville, MD: USDA Agriculture Research Services, 2010.
Crowe-White K, O'Neil CE, Parrott JS, Benson-Davies S, Droke E, Gutschall M, et al. Impact of 100% fruit juice consumption on diet and weight status of children: An evidence-based review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56: 871-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1061475
Marshall TA, Eichenberger Gilmore JM, Broffitt B, Stumbo PJ, Levy SM. Diet quality in young children is influenced by beverage consumption. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24: 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2005.10719445
Woodward-Lopez G, Kao J, Ritchie L. To what extent have sweetened beverages contributed to the obesity epidemic? Public Health Nutr 2010; 14: 499-509. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010002375
Pereira M. The possible role of sugar-sweetened beverages in obesity etiology: A review of the evidence. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30(suppl 3): S28-36. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803489
Te Morenga l, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. Br Med J 2012; 346: e7492. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7492
Scharf RJ, DeBoer MD. Sugar-sweetened beverages and children's health. Annu Rev Public Health 2016; 37: 273-93. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021528
Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 274-88. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274
Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013; 98: 1084-102. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.058362
Mattes RD, Shikany JM, Kaiser KA, Allison DB. Nutritively sweetened beverage consumption and body weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized experiments. Obes Rev 2011; 12: 346-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00755.x
Spence LA, Cifelli CJ, Miller GD. The role of dairy products in healthy weight and body composition in children and adolescents. Curr Nutr Food Sci 2011; 7: 40-9. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340111794941111
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007-2008 public data general release file documentation 2009 [cited 2018 Apr 6]. Available from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/ nhanes/continuousnhanes/generalrelease.aspx?BeginYear=2007.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National health and nutrition examination survey 2013-2014 overview let's improve our health. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ data/nhanes/nhanes_13_14/2013-14_overview_brochure.pdf.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Is my survey information confidential? 2013 [cited 2018 Apr 6]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/participant.htm#confidentiality
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NCHS Research Ethics Review Board (ERB) approval [cited 2018 Apr 6]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/ irba98.htm.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Questionnaires, datasets, and related documentation 2014 [cited 2018 Apr 6]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ nhanes/nhanes_questionnaires.htm.
Ahluwalia N, Dwyer J, Terry A, Moshfegh A, Johnson C. Update on NHANES dietary data: Focus on collection, release, analytical considerations, and uses to inform public policy. Adv Nutr 2016; 7: 121-34. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.009258
National Center for Health Statistics (NHANES). MEC in-person dietary interviewers procedures manual 2002 [cited 2018 Apr 6]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ nhanes/nhanes_01_02/dietary_year_3.pdf.
Moshfegh AJ, Rhodes DG, Baer DJ, Murayi T, Clemens JC, Rumpler WV, et al. The U.S Department of Agriculture automated multiple-pass method reduces bias in the collection of energy intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:
-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.2.324
Blanton CA, Moshfegh AJ, Baer DJ, Kretsch MJ. The USDA automated multiple-pass method accurately estimates group total energy and nutrient intake. J Nutr 2006; 136: 2594-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.10.2594
B. Montville J, Ahuja JKC, L. Martin C, Y. Heendeniya K, Omolewa-Tomobi G, C. Steinfeldt L, et al. USDA food and nutrient database for dietary studies (FNDDS), 5.0 2013; 2: 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2013.04.016
Bowman SA, Clemens JC, Thoerig RC, Friday JE, Shimizu M, Moshfegh AJ. Food patterns equivalents database 2009-10: Methodology and user guide. Beltsville, Maryland: Agricultural Research Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2013 [cited 2018 Apr 12]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Anthropometry procedure manual 2007 [cited 2018 Apr 6]. Available from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/contin-uousnhanes/manuals.aspx?BeginYear=2007.
National Cholesterol Education Program. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health. Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel iii) final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143-421.
National Center for Health Statistics. Computer programs. Growth charts 2014 [updated 2014 May 16]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/computer_programs.htm.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 data documentation, codebook, and frequencies. Demographic variables and sample weights (demo_c) 2005 [updated 2009 Sep; cited 2018 Apr 6]. Available from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/2003-2004/DEMO_C.htm.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 data documentation, codebook, and frequencies. Physical activity monitor (paxraw_c) 2006 [updated 2007 Dec; cited 2018 Apr 6]. Available from: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/ nchs/nhanes/2003-2004/PAXRAW_C.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National health and nutrition examination survey: Analytic and reporting guidelines, 2011-2012 [cited 2018 Apr]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/analytic_guidelines_11_12.pdf.
Auerbach BJ, Wolf FM, Hikida A, Vallila-Buchman P, Littman A, Thompson D, et al. Fruit juice and change in bmi: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2017; 139. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2454
Sciamanna CN, Kiernan M, Rolls BJ, Boan J, Stuckey H, Kephart D, et al. Practices associated with weight loss versus weight-loss maintenance results of a national survey. Am J Prev Med 2011; 41: 159-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.009
Weiss EC, Galuska DA, Khan LK, Serdula MK. Weight-control practices among u.S. Adults, 2001-2002. Am J Prev Med 2006; 31: 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.03.016
Muckelbauer R, Barbosa CL, Mittag T, Burkhardt K, Mikelaishvili N, Muller-Nordhorn J. Association between water consumption and body weight outcomes in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 2462-75.
Muckelbauer R, Sarganas G, Gruneis A, Muller-Nordhorn J. Association between water consumption and body weight outcomes: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 282-99. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.055061
Daniels MC, Popkin BM. Impact of water intake on energy intake and weight status: A systematic review. Nutr Rev 2010; 68: 505-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00311.x
Fulgoni VL, 3rd. Limitations of data on fluid intake. J Am Coll Nutr 2007; 26: 588S-91S.
Stahl A, Kroke A, Bolzenius K, Manz F. Relation between hydration status in children and their dietary profile - results from the donald study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 1386-92. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602663
Maffeis C, Tommasi M, Tomasselli F, Spinelli J, Fornari E, Scattolo N, et al. Fluid intake and hydration status in obese vs normal weight children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70: 560-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.170
Boschmann M, Steiniger J, Hille U, Tank J, Adams F, Sharma AM, et al. Water-induced thermogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 6015-9. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030780
Boschmann M, Steiniger J, Franke G, Birkenfeld AL, Luft FC, Jordan J. Water drinking induces thermogenesis through osmosensitive mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3334-7. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1438
Dubnov-Raz G, Constantini NW, Yariv H, Nice S, Shapira N. Influence of water drinking on resting energy expenditure in overweight children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35: 1295-300. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.130
Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Cooper RS. Reverse causation and illness-related weight loss in observational studies of body weight and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq341
Bowling A, Ebrahim S, editors. Handbook of health research methods. Investigation, measurement and analysis. Maidenhead, U.K.: Open University Press; 2005.
Szklo M, Nieto FJ. Epidemiology: Beyond the basics. 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett; 2006.
Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
Walker E, Hernandez AV, Kattan MW. Meta-analysis: Its strengths and limitations. Cleve Clin J Med 2008; 75: 431-9. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.75.6.431
Barnard ND, Willett WC, Ding EL. The misuse of meta-analysis in nutrition research. JAMA 2017; 318: 1435-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.12083
Finckh A, Tramer MR. Primer: Strengths and weaknesses of meta-analysis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008; 4: 146-52. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncprheum0732
Basch CE, Shea S, Arliss R, Contento IR, Rips J, Gutin B, et al. Validation of mothers' reports of dietary intake by four to seven year- old children. Am J Public Health 1990; 80: 1314-7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.80.11.1314
Baranowski T, Sprague D, Baranowski JH, Harrison JA. Accuracy of maternal dietary recall for preschool children: Socioeconomic status and daycare factors. J Am Diet Assoc 1991; 91: 669-74.
Schoeller DA. How accurate is self-reported dietary energy intake? Nutr Rev 1990; 48: 373-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1990.tb02882.x
Freedman LS, Commins JM, Moler JE, Arab L, Baer DJ, Kipnis V, et al. Pooled results from 5 validation studies of dietary self-report instruments using recovery biomarkers for energy and protein intake. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180: 172-88. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu116
Subar AF, Freedman LS, Tooze JA, Kirkpatrick SI, Boushey C, Neuhouser ML, et al. Addressing current criticism regarding the value of self-report dietary data. J Nutr 2015; 145: 2639-45. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.219634
Naska A, Lagiou A, Lagiou P. Dietary assessment methods in epidemiological research: Current state of the art and future prospects. F1000Res 2017; 6: 926. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10703.1
Greenland S, Senn SJ, Rothman KJ, Carlin JB, Poole C, Goodman SN, et al. Statistical tests, p values, confidence intervals, and power: A guide to misinterpretations. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31: 337-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3
Evans SJ, Mills P, Dawson J. The end of the p value? Br Heart J 1988; 60: 177-80. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.60.3.177
Sullivan GM, Feinn R. Using effect size-or why the p value is not enough. J Grad Med Educ 2012; 4: 279-82. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Policy for Journals/Articles with Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
Policy for Journals / Manuscript with Paid Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Publisher retain copyright .
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post links to their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work .
