The Delayed Effect of Parental Control on the Adaptation of Men and Women in Adulthood

Authors

  • Borys A. Yakymchuk Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Psychological Education, Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, 2, Sadova St., Uman, 20300, Ukraine
  • Iryna P. Yakymchuk Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Psychological Education, Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, 2, Sadova St., Uman, 20300, Ukraine
  • Iryna O. Vakhotska Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Psychological Education, Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, 2, Sadova St., Uman, 20300, Ukraine
  • Inna A. Livandovska Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Psychological Education, Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, 2, Sadova St., Uman, 20300, Ukraine
  • Yuliia V. Hychko Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Psychological Education, Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, 2, Sadova St., Uman, 20300, Ukraine

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.03.5

Keywords:

Parenting, retrospective perception of parental behaviour, psychological control, directivity, autonomy, personal boundaries, hardiness

Abstract

Parental control is an integral part of parent-child relations and a traditional tool of socialization. However, numerous negative effects of parental intervention in the child’s inner world are known. This study clarifies the delayed effects of parental control and a detached parenting style. 270 men and women are aged 35-44 years filled in the questionnaires of hardiness, the sovereignty of the psychological space, and perceived behavior by the father and mother. The results confirmed the prevalence of parental control, especially its manifestations on the part of mothers about daughters. In adult women's lives, mothers' directiveness correlates with hostility and violation of personal boundaries as regards the body, personal territory, things, habits, social connections, and values; men noted maternal interference in the formation of sovereign habits and values. At the same time, parental non-involvement is widespread; the autonomy of fathers about children is significantly greater than mothers. Correlation analysis confirmed the assumption that parental directivity/autonomy determines the hardiness and sense of integrity of personal boundaries in adulthood. The effect of parental control in adulthood depends on the gender of the children and the parents. Maternal control is a strong negative factor for daughters, while maternal autonomy positively correlates with indicators of hardiness. Paternal control was a neutral factor for daughters. For sons, the directivity of father and mother contributes to the formation of resilience. The conclusion was made about the need for differentiation of positive and negative effects of parental control, taking into account gender positions.

References

Schaefer ES. Children's reports of parental behavior: an inventory. Child Devel 1965; 36(2): 413-424. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1126465

Becker WC. Consequences of different kinds of parental discipline. In: Hoffman ML, Hoffman LW, Eds. Review of Child Development Research. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation 1964; pp. 169-208.

Schludermann S, Schludermann E. Sociocultural change and adolescents' perceptions of parent behavior. Devel Psychol 1983; 19(5): 674-685. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.19.5.674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.19.5.674

Baumrind D. Effective parenting during the early adolescent transition. In: Cowan PA, Hetherington EM, Eds. Advances in Family Research Series. Family Transitions. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1991; p. 111-163.

Barber BK, Stolz HE, Olsen JA. Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. MonogrSoc Res Child Dev 2005; 70(4): 1-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00365.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00365.x

Andreyeva, AD, Danilova EE. Special features of parent control in modern social-cultural conditions. Theoretical and Experimental Psychology 2014; 7(2): 108-122.

Grolnick WS. The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. New York, London: Psychology Press 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410606303

Barber BK. Parental psychological control: revisiting a neglected construct. Child Dev 1996; 67(6): 3296-3319. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01915.x

Costa S, Cuzzocrea F, Gugliandolo MC, Larcan R. Associations between parental psychological control and autonomy support, and psychological outcomes in adolescents: the mediating role of need satisfaction and need frustration. Child Indic Res 2016; 9(4): 1059-1076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9353-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9353-z

Barber BK, Harmon EL. Violating the self: Parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In: Barber BK, Ed. Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents. Washington, D.C.: APA 2002; pp. 15-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10422-002

Soenens B. Psychologically Controlling Parenting and Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment: Antecedents, Mediating Factors, and Longitudinal Dynamics. Ph.D. dissertation thesis. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; 2006.

Manzeske DP, Stright AD. Parenting styles and emotion regulation: The role of behavioral and psychological control during young adulthood. J Adult Dev 2009; 16(4): 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9068-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9068-9

Gugliandolo MC, Costa S, Cuzzocrea F, Larcan R. Trait emotional intelligence as mediator between psychological control and behaviour problems. J Child Fam Stud 2015; 24(8): 2290-2300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0032-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0032-3

Kins E, Soenens B, Beyers W. Parental psychological control and dysfunctional separation-individuation: a tale of two different dynamics. J Adolesc 2012; 35(5): 1099-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.017

Anoprіienko OV. Parents’ Behaviour Style as a Factor of Emerging and Overcoming Chronic Stress in Teen Age. Ph.D. dissertation thesis. National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kyiv, Ukraine 2017.

Chernova LV, Bayer OO. Maternal upbringing as a factor of perfectionism development. The Bulletin of Dnipro National University 2016; 22(9/1): 11–18. https://doi.org/10.15421/101602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15421/101602

Rogers AA, Padilla-Walker LM, McLean RD, Hurst JL. Trajectories of perceived parental psychological control across adolescence and implications for the development of depressive and anxiety symptoms received. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49(1): 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01070-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01070-7

Desjardins T, Leadbeater BJ. Changes in parental emotional support and psychological control in early adulthood: Direct and indirect associations with educational and occupational adjustment. Emerg Adulthood 2016; 5(3): 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696816666974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696816666974

Faherty A, Lowe K, Arnett JJ. Mind games: Parental psychological control and emerging adults’ adjustment. J Soc Pers Relat 2020; 37(2): 695-714. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519877240 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519877240

Aquilino WS. Family relationships and support systems in emerging adulthood. In: Arnett JJ, Tanner JL, Eds. Emerging Adults in America: Coming of Age in the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: APA 2006; pp. 193-217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/11381-008

Maccoby EE. The role of parents in the socialization of children: A historical overview. Dev Psychol 1992; 28(6): 1006-1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.28.6.1006

Lindell AK, Campione-Barr N, Killoren SE. Implications of parent-child relationships for emerging adults' subjective feelings about adulthood. J Fam Psychol 2017; 31(7): 810-820. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000328 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000328

Wasserman LI, Gorkovaya IA, Romitsyna EE. Parents in the teen's eyes: Psychological diagnosis in medical-pedagogical practice. St. Petersburg: Rech; 2004.

Nartova-Bochaver SK. Psychological Space of the Personality. Moscow: Flinta; 2016.

Maddi SR. Hardiness: An operationalization of existential courage. J Humanist Psychol 2004; 44(3): 279-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167804266101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167804266101

Leontiev DA, Rasskazova EI. Hardiness Test. Moscow: Smysl 2006.

Gura NA. Parent factor impact on development and ceasing of the career: empirical research results. Actual Problems of Psychology 2018; 1(50): 15-24.

Lansford JE, Laird RD, Pettit GS, Bates JE, Dodge KA. Mothers' and fathers' autonomy-relevant parenting: longitudinal links with adolescents' externalizing and internalizing behavior. J Youth Adolesc 2014; 43(11): 1877-1889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0079-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0079-2

Dzukaeva VP, Sadovnikova TY. The role of mother and father in boys’ and girls’ individuation development: cross-cultural aspect. Natl Psychol J 2014; 4(16): 52-63. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2014.0406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2014.0406

Samotaeva EO. Special features of relationships between teens and their parents in modern families. Probl Modern Psychol 2013; 21: 647-658.

Irkin DB, Shevelenkova TD. Sovereignty of the psychological space of the teens’ personality and its connection to the neurotisation level and to the teens’ view on the way they are brought up by parents. Psychol Law 2011; 1(3): 1-14.

Soenens B, Vansteenkiste MA theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Dev Rev 2010; 30(1): 74-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2009.11.001

Downloads

Published

2021-06-01

How to Cite

Yakymchuk, B. A. ., Yakymchuk, I. P. ., Vakhotska, I. O. ., Livandovska, I. A. ., & Hychko, Y. V. . (2021). The Delayed Effect of Parental Control on the Adaptation of Men and Women in Adulthood. Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 9(3), 294–303. https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.03.5

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021)

Section

General Articles
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC