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Editor's Choice : Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer: cAMP-Dependent Signaling as a Therapeutic Target
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Abstract: Prostate cancer exhibits both epithelial to mesenchymal transition and neuroendocrine differentiation. The major barrier to targeting epithelial to mesenchymal transition is that it is heavily involved with normal biology, such as wound repair. In prostate cancer, cAMP can trigger both neuroendocrine differentiation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in a Snail-dependent manner We will review inhibition of cAMP-signaling as a target for drug development with the goal of simultaneously blocking both neuroendocrine differentiation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in a tissue and tumor selective manner. Keywords: Androgen-independent prostate cancer, protein kinase A, adenylyl cyclase, Snail, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, heterotrimeric G protein.Download Full Article |
Editor's Choice : pH Monitoring of Tumor Microenvironment and Low Volume of Urine in Experimental Rats
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Abstract: The pH monitoring of the tumor microenvironment in vivo seems to be in fact complicated and technically quite challenging nowadays. Also the strategy of measuring urine pH of a little amount is not fully solved. Thus, the aim of our study was to monitor pH of urine samples (< 0.1 ml) and of tumor microenvironment of anesthetized rats in a minimal invasive way. The small urine volumes of rats or mice make pH measurements difficult, as standard pH electrodes usually need a minimal volume of several milliliters to function. The manual micromanipulator together with a needle-type housed pH microsensor offers a simple and effective way to do so. Our results show that pH of urine and tumor microenvironment was lower in tumor bearing rats compared to healthy subjects. The unique technology of pH microsensors could be a promising way to monitor the pH in many experimental designs and clinical praxis. Keywords: pH, tumor microenvironment, urine, monitoring, in vivo, rats.Download Full Article |
Editor's Choice : Solitary Extramedullary Plasmocytoma of the Thyroid Gland: A Case Report
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Abstract: Solitary extramedullary plasmocytoma (SEP) of the thyroid gland is a very rare disease. The diagnosis of SEP can be made after ruling out multiple myeloma. Histological examinations, immunohistochemical analysis with an overexpression of CD 138, CD 38 and kappa light chain reaction confirmed this uncommon condition in our case. Medullary carcinoma, MALT-Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the thyroid should be excluded in the diagnosis. Surgical resection and radiotherapy, or a combination of both, are standard treatment methods. However, because of rareness of this disease, no general therapy can be recommended. We report about a 75 year old male patient and its involvement of the right remainder thyroid lobe by SEP five years post a Dunhill-Procedure due to multinodular goiter. Keywords: Solitary, plasmocytoma, extramedullary, thyroid, multiple myeloma.Download Full Article |
Editor's Choice : The Management of Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer
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Abstract: Objectives: To determine the optimal time to wait for urination ability restoration after urethral catheterization and anti – androgen treatment, in cases of acute urinary retention and advanced prostate cancer. Methods: We enrolled 26 patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer after transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate and CT or MRI proven advanced stages (T3-T4). We evaluated the dynamic changes of the following factors; IPSS, QoL, Vmax, residual urine, serum concentration of PSA at the following periods; before hormonal treatment, 1, 3 and 6 months after hormonal treatment. Results: How long we have to wait after urethral catheter insertion and hormonal treatment for voiding ability restoration? Our data analyses revealed the answer to this question. The dynamic changes of all the parameters (IPSS, QoL, Vmax, PSA) we studied disclosed interesting regularity. The consequent comparative analyses of parameters showed statistically significant changes only 1 month after anti – androgen treatment. These changes indicate that the prostate cancerous process is significantly suppressed within 1 month after hormonal treatment and there is no point to wait more than 1 month. Conclusion: Analyzing our data we obtained versatile evidence, that in advanced prostate cancer and acute urinary retention cases the optimal time to wait for sufficient voiding is 1 month period after permanent catheter insertion and anti – androgen treatment. Keywords: Non-small-cell lung carcinoma, EGFR, wild-type, erlotinib, second-line.Download Full Article |
