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Abstract : The Muslims of India and the First World War 1914-1918
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Abstract: The years 2014-2018 marks the centenary of the World War I which was practically fought in Europe but left deep imprints beyond the European boarders and indirectly involved the whole world. At that time India was the largest British colony having about one fourth Muslim population from whom British snatched power and being ruled by the British also took part in the war. Hindus and Muslims were the two major communities of India and when the war broke out both pledged loyalty to the British. The defeat of Turkey left Indian Muslims into confusion and consternation. Being the only surviving Muslim empire, ruling large Christian population and ostensibly capable of resisting Europe, Turkey had been the pride of the Muslims. Turkey, being a symbol of the worldly power of Islam and the seat of its ‘universal’ caliphate, provided common platform to the Muslims. Turkey had also given the feelings of security to the Indian Muslims in the midst of the Hindu majority. The spirit of cooperation and loyalty with the British that had been so evident at the beginning of the World War I was wholly destroyed at the end of the War and the stage was set for a protracted struggle. The War instigated organized movements for the independence of India. The Indian Muslims launched a movement at the end of the WWI Known as Khilafat* (Caliphate) movement for the protection of the institution of Caliphate. The anti-British nature of this movement got full support of Gandhi, who advocated political agitation on a massive scale. The Hindu-Muslims alliance and the Khilafat movement ended in 1922. Although the movement did not achieve its goals and Caliphate was abolished in Turkey but it united the Muslims of India against British for the first time for their own cause. The British promises with the Indian Muslims during WWI regarding the protection of the institution of Caliphate, and the dismemberment of Turkey after the War;replacement of pan-Islamism with western nationalism;birth of modern and secular Turkey opened new avenues of thinking for the Muslims of India. The feeling of distrust and insecurity made inroads among Indian Muslims that paved the way for political transformation of India. In the post war period by passing through different crisis the Indian Muslims envisioned their future. Nationalism emerged as a strong phenomenon and on the basis of being a separate nation from Hindus they demanded a separate homeland that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan. The paper delves the history of the Muslims in India and their association with the central institution of Caliphate. It focuses the First World War and its impact on the Muslims of India specifically after the defeat of Turkey. It deals with the post war developments when Muslims became susceptible about their future in united India. It examines the Khilafat (Caliphate) movement which later on became the basis of independence movement of Indian Muslims and creation of Pakistan. Keywords: Colony, Ottomans, Caliphate, Indian Muslims, political transformation.
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Abstract : Insecurity and Major Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria
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Abstract: This paper investigated the major determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nigeria from 1999 to 2014 about the high rate of insecurity in the country within the period. The paper used both primary and secondary data which were analysed by qualitative and descriptive method while internalisation theory and Dunning eclectic paradigm provided bases for analysis. Findings revealed that insecurity has not significantly affected in-flow of FDI due to the country's unique characteristics that strengthen the lure of profits in investors over the risk of attacks. However, the prevalence of insecurity provided leeway for foreign investors to engage in sharp practices at the expense of the government and the people of Nigeria. Keywords: Insecurity, FDI, Location, and Determinant Factors.
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Abstract : Socio-Political Influences of Samad Behrangi's Translations on Reformist Movements in Iran in the 1970s
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Abstract: Over the last decades, the possibility of using translation for socio-political agenda and political engagement has taken a great interest in translation studies from the overview of translation theories retraining to subversion or hegemonic context. Moreover, both sociological and sociopolitical approaches to translation highlight the central position of translators themselves as subjectivity and historicity in the process of translating and identifying the translators’ professional trajectories and social positioning as crucial to both process and products of translation activity. Thus, the activist translators use the translation as a knowledge production process that enlightens people to initiate and facilitate socio-political movements which end to social and political changes. This paper investigates the issue of an Iranian activist translator's agency applying Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts (habitus, capital) in the socio-political context of Iran in the 1970s. This study surveys how Samad Behrangi, as a socio-political activist translator and thinker, based on his habitus, selects and translates some texts to transfer new knowledge to the society as cultural capital which intensifies the initiation and the facilitation of social reforms and political movements in Iran in the 1970s. The paper peruses some texts translated by Samad Behrangi to illustrate that he wields his own politics in translation to illuminate Iranians’ thought in contradiction of the imperial regime to stimulate them against institutions of power. Keywords: Translation, power, habitus, cultural capital, engagement.
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Abstract : Is there “Black Panther” Movement in Israel? Protests of Ethiopian Jews - Sources of Conflict and Policy Implications
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Abstract: The migration of various ethnic groups creates a challenge for policymakers in general and civil society in particular. The concerns, as well as maintaining the status quo, could present obstacles in creating a homogenous and equitable civil society. As an immigrant-absorbing state, Israel is challenged both socially and economically in these realms. The Melting Pot concept was one of Israel's founding blocks since the 1950's fail. Has it failed? Is there truth to the protesters' allegations of institutionalized racism? In light of the demonstrations and accusations of racism in Israeli society, what changes should be set in motion? Keywords: Racism, Police Violence, the Beta Israel Community, Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel.
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