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Abstract - Evaluating the Impact of Electronic Payment Channels on Sustainable Financial Inclusion in Nigeria
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Abstract: The underlining drives of many financial reforms were to motivate digital banking culture in order to achieve sustainable financial inclusion. It is not very clear the extent to which financial innovation reform has advanced financial inclusion in Nigeria. Similarly, some issues closely linked with digital finance have not been exhaustively addressed in the literature. This research paper therefore evaluated the effect that electronic payment channels had on financial inclusion in Nigeria. Quarterlized data obtained from the statistical bulletin of Central bank of Nigeria were used. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model was adopted and used for our estimation. Digital financing channels were not only significant but at same time positive with the financial inclusion variables under investigation. However, the observed financial inclusion may not have delivered access to all because the channels are elitist. The study advocates for a policy reform that takes care of structural rigidities to fully accommodate the excluded. Keywords: Financial Inclusion, Electronic Payment, Financial Deepening, ARDL. |
Abstract - Value Added Tax: An Instrument used in some African Countries to Meet Fiscal Objectives
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Abstract: This article aims to evaluate the extent at which VAT is used as an instrument by countries to meet their fiscal deficit and meet the needs of their citizenry. Taxpayers pay taxes based on their ability to pay and with an anticipation that they will receive services in return to their contribution from government. The VAT due to its buoyancy nature contributes sizable amount of taxes which alleviate the financial burden of countries in meeting the financial obligations. Numerous kinds of literature demonstrate that whenever countries experience any budget shortfall they always look for fiscal remedies in either introduction of VAT or changing the rate of VAT. South Africa recently changed its long term rate of 14 % VAT to 15%. This article is conceptual in approach and uses the literature to argue that Value Added Tax (VAT) can be used as an effective instrument to meet fiscal objectives in some African Countries. Countries have the responsibility to ensure that their subject contributes to taxes which amongst others should in the form of VAT. As in the case of other taxes, the taxes are used to meet the fiscal obligation a country faces. The paper concludes that many countries that have introduced VAT have managed to meet their fiscal obligation due to high revenue contribution that have emanated from it, making the VAT the best tax methods to enable the country to meet their fiscal obligations. Keywords: Fiscal, Fiscal Objectives, Instrument, Value Added Tax. |
Abstract - Displacement Effect on Local Traders by Emerging Markets: Durban Townships
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Abstract: The propounded omnipresent of township malls and aggressive suppliers’ expansion into the emerging markets epitomises the greater potential to create jobs and improve the economic transformation. However, it is important to note that these developments could trammel local traders’ economic prosperity than abrupt veracity of growth and symbiotic trajectory. While the encroachment of mainstream retailers into South African township markets offers business opportunities and economies of scope to consumers. The objectives which underpinned this study: to explore local township traders’ perceptions on the displacement effects from shared value-creation in emerging markets; and to establish the extent of the transformation of retail enterprise development and the displacement of local traders. The study used quantitative methods to analyse the data collected from 301 respondents to amass primary data. The study found that, while local traders appreciate the transformation and development of the townships brought about by shopping mall development, their businesses have been displaced by the emergence of township malls. Keywords: Emerging markets, local traders, displacement effect, and shared value systems. |
Abstract - Demand Planning Information Sharing: N ZAR
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Abstract: Organisations are currently faced with difficulties in effectively aligning demand plans to the volatile environments in which they operate. While operating environments and consumer needs change, capacity capabilities often do not reflect the demand plans. The absence of alignment results in inaccurate forecasts, thus putting the long-term sustainability of a business at risk. The focus and aim of the study is to understand how demand planning information are shared at N ZAR for optimal performance. A quantitative explorative case study research design is being used and data was collected through a structured self-administered questionnaire in this study. The sample size was 86, which comprised of employees from Demand and Supply Planning, Finance and Control, Sales and Marketing divisions. The sample includes top management, middle management, first level management and non-management. Data analysis uses descriptive and multivariate statistics. The study findings show most of the participants responded positively to the statements that information sharing achieves demand chain coordination. This study recommended that top management should provide full support to information sharing initiatives to facilitate the demand planning process. Keywords: Capacity, constraints, demand chain, forecasting, information sharing. |
