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Abstract : The Toxic Effects of Low Molecular Weight Components of Cow Colostrums: The Short-Term and Long-Term Effects
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Abstract: Background:Low-molecular components of colostrum (LMWCC) have a pronounced biological activity. We investigated the effect of different doses of LMWCC (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 5 g/100 g of body weight) on the behavior, dynamics of growth, acute and chronic toxicity, as well as the relative weight of the liver, spleen and kidneys of the experimental animals. Methods:We used 100 3-month male rats in the experiment. All animals were divided into 5 groups of 20 animals in each group, LMWCC was administered per os, and the control group received sterile water. Results: LMWCC revealed no pirogenic effect in a wide diapason of doses (0,01-5 g/100 g of animal mass). Immediately after the LMWCC administration the short-time decrease in the motion activity was observed. The low doses of LMWCC induced diarrhea in 10-20 % of of animals, the super-large dose – in 75% of animals. The acute toxicity of LMWCC (death of 15 % of animals) was detected only in super-large dose of LMWCC and it was accompanied by pronounced diarrhea. LMWCC influenced the mass of liver, spleen and kidney. 60 days after LMWCC administration the mass of liver was restored to control weight, but the mass of spleen and kidney was not restored. Conclusion: LMWCCdo not have chronic toxicity and can be attributed to non-toxic compounds with a possible side effect - a violation of the digestive system. Keywords: Toxicity, Colostrum, Diarrhea. |
Abstract : Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Cortical Network Integrity in Medication-Free Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Preliminary Multimodal Neuroimaging Trial
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Abstract:Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) deficits and cortical network pathology. This neuroimaging study investigated the effects of DHA supplementation on cortical attention network integrity in medication-free children with ADHD. Children (mean age 9.6 years, n=30) with ADHD were randomized to DHA (1,200 mg/d) or placebo for 10 weeks. Blood DHA levels and ADHD symptom severity ratings were obtained from all participants (n=30). Cortical network integrity was evaluated in a subset of patients (n=20) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Erythrocyte DHA levels increased significantly in patients receiving DHA (+60%, p≤0.0001) but not placebo (-4%, p=0.77). There were no group differences in baseline-endpoint change in ADHD symptom severity scores, sustained attention performance, or voxelwise cortical activation patterns during performance of a sustained attention task. In the region-of-interest (ROI) analysis, patients treated with DHA but not placebo exhibited significant endpoint reductions in left amygdala activation. At study endpoint, but not at baseline, DHA-treated patients exhibited significantly greater event-related functional connectivity between the pregenual and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and regions within the cortical attention network including the inferior parietal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared with placebo. Trends with large effect sizes for reductions in medial and radial diffusivity in the left corpus callosum were observed in DHA-treated patients. These preliminary findings suggest that DHA supplementation may be associated with subtle changes in cortical attention networks of medication-free children with ADHD which warrant additional investigation in a larger patient sample. Keywords:Omega-3 fatty acids, Attention, Anterior cingulate cortex, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Diffusion tensor imaging, Children. |
Abstract :QM Study on the Mechanism of Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibition with Glycosylcoumarin as Non-Zinc Mediated Inhibitors from Thermodynamic View Point
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Abstract: Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme which has the zinc as the metallic part of it. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction of turning carbon dioxide into bicarbonate. In this research the mechanism of inhibition a new class of inhibitor of this enzyme, glycosyl coumarin has been modeled using the density functional theory (DFT). First, the most constant confirmer of this four coumarin sugar derivatives which includes galactose, mannose, ribose and glucose has been selected and then they had been interacted as inhibitor with CA (II) enzyme’s active site. In further for showing the effect of sugar in these molecules, coumarin itself had been chosen as inhibitor and the inhibitory effect is surveyed. All calculations have been done by density functional theory in level of B3LYP with basic set 6-31G* and with Minnesota function M06 with basic set 6-31+G*.Thermodynamic functions like enthalpy of formation, entropy of formation and Gibbs free energy for CA-inhibitor have been computed. The results indicate that the reaction among these groups of inhibitors and Carbonic anhydrase is not of the type of direct and syndetic but the enzyme is deactivated with space effect and addition to this, the computed thermodynamic functions show that although this coumarin sugar derives have deterrence in the range of micro molar but, coumarin without sugar is a stronger deterrence for CA II. Finally, the interaction between the most constant confirmer (galactose coumarin) is surveyed as the best deterrence using the explicit solvent method. Keywords: Carbonic Anhydrase, glycosylcoumarin, inhibition mechanism, Density functional theory, explicit solvent method. |
Abstract :Diamond Deposition on Graphite in Hydrogen Microwave Plasma
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Abstract: Hydrogen plasma etching of graphite generates radicals that can be used for diamond synthesis by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We studied the etching of polycrystalline graphite by a hydrogen microwave plasma, growth of diamond particles of the non-seeded graphite substrates, and characterized the diamond morphology, grain size distribution, growth rate, and phase purity. The graphite substrates served simultaneously as a carbon source, this being the specific feature of the process. A disorder of the graphite surface structure reduces as the result of the etching as revealed with Raman spectroscopy. The diamond growth rate of 3 – 5 µm/h was achieved, the quality of the produced diamond grains improving with growth time due to inherently nonstationary graphite etching process. Keywords: Microwave plasma, diamond deposition, hydrogen plasma, graphite, etching. |
