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Abstract : Effect of Molecular Weight Reduction of Polypeptides on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity in Chicken Skin Hydrolysate (Collagen)
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Abstract: Inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) reduces blood pressure and gives an anti-hypertensive effect. Chicken skin is an undesirable by-product of the poultry industry, disliked by consumer because of the high fat content. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of molecular weight reduction on ACE inhibition activity in chicken skin hydrolysate. Chicken skin is prepared by manually defatting, soaked in acetone and in 0.1M phosphate buffer. Sample hydrolysis is carried out using alcalase enzyme for a duration of 4 hours at 60˚C and pH 9.5. The best degree of hydrolysis (DH), at 4th hour, with value of 49.54 ± 0.79 %, is ultrafiltrated and used in ACE inhibition activity detection. The sample weight ≥ 10 kDa , 3 – 10 kDa and ≤ 3 kDa contains 5.63 ± 0.01 g/L, 2.84 ± 0.06 g/L and 1.07 ± 0.18 g/L peptide content respectively whereas soluble protein content is 0.51 mg/mL for sample weight ≥ 10 kDa, 0.27 mg/mL for sample weight 3 – 10 kDa and 0.23 mg/mL for sample weight ≤ 3 kDa. The ACE inhibition activity in sample weight ≤ 3 kDa is highest with value of 80.38 ± 2.69% followed by sample weight 3 – 10 kDa with a value of 49.40 ± 2.63% and sample weight ≥ 10 kDa with value of 42.73 ± 5.08%. Significant differences ( P ≤ 0.05) exist between sample weight ≤3 kDa and > 3 kDa. This research shows that molecular weight reduction increases ACE inhibition activity. Keyword: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), chicken skin, inhibitory, weight. |
Abstract : Functional Properties of Gelatin Hydrolysate from Salmon Skin (Salmo salar)
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Abstract: Gelatin hydrolysate is derived from a hydrolysis of gelatin (denatured collagen) to expose the functional properties of the hydrolysate obtained. This study was carried out to determine functional properties of gelatin hydrolysate from salmon skin as influenced by the degree of enzymatic hydrolysis. Aqueous extraction of gelatin from salmon skin was done at 45oC for 60 minutes. The extracted gelatin was then hydrolysed using 1% alcalase at 54.5oC and pH 8. The functional properties determined were molecular weight, solubility, foaming capacity and stability, emulsifying activity and stability index were analysed. It was found that different time of hydrolysis (5, 15, 45 and 180 minutes) resulted in different degree of hydrolysis (DH) (10, 20, 30 and 40%, respectively). The gelatin hydrolysate at 40% DH showed the highest solubility (p<0.05). However, the foaming and emulsifying properties were the highest at 10% degree of hydrolysis (p<0.05). Keywords: Gelatin hydrolysate, salmon skin, foaming properties, emulsifying properties. |
Abstract :Lathosterol and Noncholesterol Sterols in Routine Use for the Differentiation and Monitoring of Dietary and Drug Induced Treatment of Hypercholesterolemias in Children and Adolescents
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Abstract: Aims: The authors discuss their 15 years of experience with use of noncholesterol sterols (NCS) when diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HFH) and the dietary and drug treatment of children and adolescents when lathosterol (Lat) and desmosterol (Des) as cholesterol synthesis precursors, and campesterol (Cam) and sitosterol (Sit) as cholesterol absorption precursors are included. Patients and Methods:38 children and adolescents (6-18 yrs) with HFH proven by molecular genetic testing of LDL-cholesterol deficit; 107 children patients with clinical and laboratory symptoms of other hypercholesterolemias; 84 healthy school-age children as a control group. Routine lipid spectrum scan—total cholesterol (TCh), LDL-Ch, HDL-Ch, TAG, with additional apo A1, apo B, Lp (a), LDL-receptors, apo E polymorphism; Lat, Des, Cam and Sit in the plasma—was established by means of GC/MS. Results: The HFH patients on a low cholesterol diet (LCHD) who come to our lipid outpatient clinic have elevated levels of Lat and Des, unlike patients with alimentary hypercholesterolemia (p<0, 001). Lat and Des levels are high following interruption of medical treatment during long vacations or when drug treatment is neglected. Administration of statins only in sufficiently high therapeutic doses reduces Lat and Des (p<0, 001). Compensatory elevation of Cam and Sit occurs only in few pediatric patients. Ezetimibe decreases Cam and Sit more efficiently than Lat or Des. Combination of statin with ezetimibe is most efficient in decrease of not only TCh but also Lat and Des, as well as Cam and Sit. Conclusions: Extending the laboratory spectrum by precursors of cholesterol synthesis and absorption improves the differential diagnosis of HFH and makes monitoring and/or treatment of children and adolescents more precise. Keywords: Noncholesterol sterols, lathosterol, desmosterol, campesterol, sitosterol, phytosterols, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, statins, ezetimibe, dietary and drug treatment.Download Full Article |
Abstract : Cellular Mechanisms of Saline Extract of Alligator Pepper (Zingiberaceae Aframomum melegueta) for Specific Protection against Fetal Macrosomia
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Abstract: Introduction: Aqueous extract of Alligator pepper is known to reduce gestational weight gain and litter size in Sprague Dawley rats. This study was done to determine the underlying hormonal and cellular mechanisms of action. Methods: We performed a controlled cross sectional intervention study with 45 female Sprague Dawley rats, which after acclimatization for two weeks, were allowed to mate with male rats for three days. Thereafter, these female rats were randomly allocated into three groups A, B and C with 15 female rats in each group. These three major groups were further randomly allocated into three subgroups so that each subgroup had 5 female rats. Pregnant female rats in Group A were injected with 2ml of normal saline intraperitoneally on day 4. Pregnant female rats in groups B and C were injected intraperitoneally with 6.7mg/Kg body weight and 13.3mg/ kg body weight of saline extract of Alligator Pepper respectively on day 4. Glucose levels were estimated with glucometer on days 7, 14, and 21. Blood was collected by intra-ventricular puncture and assayed for insulin levels. Observed differences between control and experimental groups were subjected to tests of significance. Results: Alligator pepper treated pregnant rats had significantly higher serum glucose levels than control group. Low dose and high dose Alligator pepper depressed serum insulin levels in the experimental group on day 7 and days 7 and 14 respectively Conclusion: Intraperitoneal injection of saline extract of Alligator pepper prevents first and second trimester hyper-insulinemia in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats. Keywords: Cellular Mechanisms, Alligator pepper, Specific Protection, Fetal Macrosomia.Download Full Article |
