Abstract: The paper exploits the fact that every information system generates a family of equivalence relations in the set of considered objects, and the corresponding family of partitions of this set, and that this family is a lattice with certain properties. It describes the internal structure of any lattice with such properties and shows that such a lattice is generated by an information system. 

Keywords: Object, attribute, information system, information lattice, coarsening, diamond, region.

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Abstract: Objectives: A controversy exists since long, among the researchers about the impact of cyberloafing on employees’ job performance. Some researchers study that cyberloafing distracts employees from their job descriptions; while others argue that cyberloafing is quite helpful in different ways to add quality to employees’ work. The aim of this paper is to review the past literature in order to understand the impact of cyberloafing in shaping up or destructing employees’ job performance. Moreover, the paper highlights the methodological analysis based on literature review. Future recommendations for the use of the internet by employees on office computers as well as other social media devices to enhance employees’ job performance are given.

Design: An organized review of the literature (1996- 2020) from information technology, business, management, and organizational behavior studies was performed. The topics studied were about internet, World Wide Web, cyberloafing, social media, employees’ job performance, employees’ engagement, employees’ productivity, and workplace environment.

Data Sources: Different research platforms such as ‘Research gate’, ‘Emerald’, ‘Jstor’, ‘Google Scholar’, ‘SCOPUS’, ‘ELSEVIER’, ‘SCIENCE DATA’, ‘Core’, ‘ScienceOpen’, ‘ERIC’, ‘Paperity’ and internet were used to read up literature.

Review Methods: Different articles written in English, related to employees’ behavior and performance as well as cyberloafing and social media, were studied.

Results: The review of literature showed that cyberloafing and social media significantly impact employees’ job performance. However, the findings were not consistent, and both the positive and negative impacts of cyberloafing and social media on employees’ performance were found.

Conclusion: The mixed findings indicate that cyberloafing can have both the positive and negative impact on employees’ job performance. In other words, a little bit cyberloafing is important for healthy communication, innovation and productivity; while the excessive unethical use of internet was found to have adverse effects on job performance. Therefore, it is recommended not to totally suppress cyberloafing but to devise cyberloafing control strategies which are equally acceptable to both the employees and employers. Hence, by the implementation of right cyberloafing control policies, positive outcomes of cyberloafing could be achieved.  

Keywords: Cyberloafing, Social media, Internet, web surfing, Goldbricking, Internet workplace leisure, Employees’ job performance, Employees’ productivity, Workplace environment, Literature review.

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Abstract: The complexities of the global financial system have been increasing and the same is managed by implementation of capital controls by the nations. Therefore, it is important to understand what controls are and how the nations implement them. The aim of this paper is to analyze and understand the capital controls indices developed so far to measure financial openness or liberalization. Broadly the measures developed so far are categorized into de facto, de jure and hybrid measures. Each measure constructed has used different scale and hence the intensity and description of each measure is different also they cover different countries. 

Keywords: Capital Controls, Capital Account Liberalization, de jure, de facto and Hybrid measures.

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Abstract: This study examined the relationship between Protestant work ethic and social loafing and whether interactional justice was a moderator of this linkage. Responses to the survey were analyzed using a sample of 406 from Shanxi province in China. The factor analysis indicated six dimensions of PWE, that is, admiration of work itself, success comes from hard work, work as an end, asceticism, ant-leisure, and internal control. Results showed that the dimensions of “Admiration of work itself” and “Ant-leisure” related significantly to social loading and interactional justice played a moderating role in the relationship between PWE and social loafing. The limitations and directions for future research are offered finally.

Keywords: Protestant work ethic, social loafing, interactional justice.

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