Lifescience Global is committed to disseminate research and scholarly publications as widely as possible. It supports the opinion that the research propagation should not be confined by financial barriers and it should be freely accessible in the public domain. Therefore, it encourages the open access model of publishing making the research available online globally.

However, open access publishing is not without costs. Lifescience Global bears its open access publications expenses of journal production, online hosting, and archiving by charging a publication fee from authors for each article they publish in its journals.

After peer review and editorial acceptance, all accepted articles are subject to an article-processing fee for covering the cost of production.

Standard OPEN ACCESS article processing fee = US$ 730 (Inclusive of Bank Charges)

Articles are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode), which permits free distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the work is properly cited.

SELF-ARCHIVING POLICY

Authors retain the copyright to their articles; therefore, they can SELF-ARCHIVE their accepted manuscripts and published manuscripts on their websites, institutional depositories like PMC, or a cross-institutional subject repository like arXive.org. All articles are published following the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode), which permits unrestricted archiving, distribution, and reproduction any medium provided that the acknowledgment has been produced to the original source of publication, accompanied by a link to the published article on the IJCS/Lifescience Global website.

LONG-TERM ARCHIVING OF LIFESCIENCE GLOBAL CONTENT

To secure permanent access to our publications, Lifescience Global has an agreement with Portico to have long-term storage of the content published in its journals.

Appeals and Complaints
Copyrights

OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING POLICY:

All articles published by Lifescience Global journals are readily available and immediately accessible online upon publication and readers can read, download and/or print OPEN access articles without any charges.

All articles are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode), which allows the open distribution and reproduction in any means, provided that the work is perfectly cited.

Authors have the flexibility to publish a wide range of articles in Lifescience Global journals, e.g., short communications, full-length research and review articles, as well as supplements, conference proceedings, and case studies.

Authorship acknowledgments:

All individuals listed as authors must have devoted substantially to the conception, execution, analysis, or summarizing of the work and are required to indicate their particular contribution. The names and order of author’s list must be finalized before submission to the journal and no responsibility lies on Lifescience Global regarding authorship matters. Any article with disputed authorship may not be published by Lifescience Global until complete resolution of the issue and a written consent provided to the editor by corresponding author. Granting Guest or honorary authorship to some individual due to his/her position only(e.g., research supervisor, departmental head) is highly discouraged.

In addition to authors of the article, individual/company/institution who has substantially contributed to studying important intellectual content or was involved in drafting or revising the manuscript may be acknowledged at the end of the article before the References.

Mentioning of corresponding author(s) is mandatory for all submissions. only corresponding author will communicate with journal regarding all article-publication matters. Being a corresponding author doesn’t renders seniority to an author rathet, it is required for managerial responsibilities only.

For further guidance on authorship matters COPE has established specific conditions which can be found at 2003pdf12_0.pdf (publicationethics.org)

Copyrights: Authors who publish in Lifescience Global journals retain copyright to their work. Submission of a manuscript to the respective journals implies that all authors have read and agreed to the content of the Covering Letter or the Terms and Conditions.

All articles by Lifescience Global are published under the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode), which permits free distribution and reproduction of published content in any medium provided that the work is properly cited. Lifescience Global (Licensor) grants the author(s) a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, and non-commercial perpetual license to exercise the below rights of their published article.

• The authors retain the copyright of their published article. They will also have the right to reproduce the article, to incorporate the article into one or more collective works, and to reproduce the article as incorporated in collective works;
• Create and reproduce Derivative Works for educational purposes.
• Distribute Copies
• Any commercial application of the work, with prior agreement by the author, is exclusively granted to Lifescience Global.

Plagiarism Prevention: Lifescience Global uses the iThenticate software to detect instances of overlapping and similar text in submitted manuscripts. iThenticate software checks the content against a database of periodicals, the Internet, and a comprehensive article database. It generates a similarity report, highlighting the percentage overlap between the uploaded article and the published material. Any instance of content overlap is further examined for suspected plagiarism according to the publisher's Editorial Policies. Lifescience Global allows an overall similarity of 20% for a manuscript to be acknowledged for publication. The similarity percentage is further checked keeping the following important points in view:

Low Text Similarity: The text of every submitted manuscript is examined using the Content Tracking mode in iThenticate. This mode ensures that manuscripts with an overall low percentage similarity (but which may have a higher similarity from a single source) are not neglected. The acceptable limit for similarity of text from a single source is 5%. Suppose the similarity level is above 5%. In that case, the manuscript is returned to the author for paraphrasing the text and citing the source of the copied material.

It is essential to mention that the text taken from different sources with an overall low similarity percentage will be considered plagiarized content if most of the article is a combination of copied material.

High Text Similarity: There may be some manuscripts with an overall low similarity percentage but a higher percentage from a single source. A manuscript may have less than 20% overall similarity, but 15 % similar text is taken from a single article. The similarity index in such cases is higher than the approved limit for a single source. Authors are encouraged to thoroughly rephrase similar text and properly cite the original quote to bypass plagiarism and copyright violation.

Types of Plagiarism: We all understand that scholarly manuscripts are drafted after a careful review of previously published articles. It is therefore not easy to draw a clear boundary between legitimate representation and plagiarism. However, the following important features can assist in identifying different kinds of plagiarized content. These are:

• Reproduction of others' words, sentences, ideas, or findings as one's own without proper acknowledgment.
• Text recycling, also known as self-plagiarism. The author practices a former publication in different paper without proper citation and acknowledgment of the original source.
• Poor paraphrasing, copying complete paragraphs, and modifying a few words without changing the structure of original sentences or changing the sentence structure but not the words.
• Verbatim copying of text without placing quotation marks and not acknowledging the work of the original author.
• They are correctly citing a work but poorly paraphrasing the original text is considered unintentional plagiarism. Similarly, manuscripts with language between paraphrasing and quoting are not acceptable. Authors should either paraphrase properly or quote and, in both cases, cite the original source.
• Higher similarity in the abstract, introduction, materials and methods, and discussion and conclusion sections indicates that the manuscript may contain plagiarized text. Authors can easily explain these parts of the manuscript in many ways. However, author technical terms and sometimes standard methods cannot be rephrased; therefore, Editors must carefully review these sections before deciding.

Plagiarism in Published Manuscripts: Published manuscripts containing plagiarized text are retracted from the journal website after careful investigation and approval by the Journal's Editor-in-Chief. A 'Retraction Note' and a link to the original study are published on the plagiarised manuscript's electronic version.

Publication Charges Policy: Lifescience Global is committed to disseminate research and scholarly publications as widely as possible. It supports the principle that the results of publicly funded studies should be freely accessible in the public domain. Therefore, it adopts the policy of publishing through Open Access (OA).

However, open access publishing is not without costs. Lifescience Global pays various expenses of journal production, its online hosting, and archiving in different databases by charging publication fee from authors and their research supporters for each article they publish in IJCS.

Post publication policies:

Errata, Corrigenda, and Corrections in Published Articles: Authors and readers are advised to notify the Editor-in-Chief if they discover errors in published content, author's names, and affiliations or if they have reasons for concern over the legitimacy of a publication. In such cases, Lifescience Global will publish an ERRATUM or a CORRIGENDUM, in discussion with the Editor-in-Chief and authors of the article, and/or substitute or retract the article.

Article Withdrawal:

Only in rare cases where an article has significant errors which are compelling and unavoidable; or has been accidently submitted multiple times, withdrawal of an unpublished article by authors is permissible.

An "Article withdrawal Form” (available from editorial office of the journal) mentioning the reason for withdrawal; and signed by all co-authors will be needed for such request. As per policy, if the withdrawal of article is requested within the 48 hours of submission, no withdrawal penalty will be charged, however, if authors withdraw manuscripts during/after review; and acceptance, a withdrawal penalty will be applicable as the article may have caused the time waste of the editors, reviewers, and the editorial staff. Withdrawal will only be allowed after withdrawal penalty has been fully paid to the journal.

The Editor-in-Chief of the journal is highest authority solely responsible to take decisions on withdrawal policies

Only if a manuscript has taken more than six months for review process, the authors have the right to withdraw their manuscript without paying any charges. Authors may not assume that their manuscript has been withdrawn until they have received a formal letter notifying about the Manuscript Withdrawal from the editorial office.

To avoid time-waste of our publishing team, and the withdrawal penalties by authors we suggest our authors to be certain that the data and facts presented in the article are error free, and best practices in the publication ethics have been complied before submission to the journal.
Article Retraction: If manuscripts are published, having assigned certain information of volume/issue/page number, and it is found that there are infringements of professional ethical codes in their content, such as plagiarism, excess similarity with some other article, fraudulent use of data, etc., then such manuscripts are retracted by relevant editors of Lifescience Global.

A retraction note entitled "Retraction: [article title]" is published in the paginated part of the next scheduled issue of the journal and is also listed in the table of contents.

Editors may consider retracting a publication' if:

• They have clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of major error (e.g., miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g., of data) or falsification (e.g., image manipulation)
• It constitutes plagiarism
• The findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper attribution to previous sources or disclosure to the editor, permission to republish, or justification (i.e., cases of redundant publication)
• It contains material or data without authorization for use
• Copyright has been infringed or there is some other serious legal issue (e.g., libel, privacy)
• It reports unethical research
• It has been published solely on the basis of a compromised or manipulated peer review process
• The author(s) failed to disclose a major competing interest (aka, conflict of interest) that, in view of the editor, would have unduly affected interpretations of the work or recommendations by editors and peer reviewers.

Removal of Published Content:

In exceptional circumstances, if Lifescience Global finds that a published content is defamatory, breaches a third party’s legal rights, or is unlawful otherwise; if acted upon ,would be seriously risky to health; or receives a government/court order to remove the published content; it reserves the right to temporarily or permanently remove such article. Bibliography(title and authors’ names) will be retained and will be accompanied by a declaration briefly explaining the reasons for removal of the content.

Data Fabrication and Manipulation:

Lifescience Global does not support any makeup of research findings/data to give a false impression. Manipulating images, removing unsupportive results, changing/adding/deleting data points etc. are all included in data fabrication and not allowed in submitted articles. However, proper technical manipulation of a complete image may be allowed for readability. Any type of such technical manipulation must be clearly mentioned in cover letter while submitting the article to the journal. Improper manipulation involving parts of the image is strictly forbidden. Editors will follow COPE guidelines to handle such falsifications according to the following:

• Suspected fabricated data in a submitted manuscript

If data fabrication is brought to notice after the article is published the editors are instructed to follow COPE’s following guidelines:

• Suspected fabricated data in a published article

Concurrent Publication/Simultaneous Submission: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to the Lifescience Global journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication, the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered.

Abstracts and posters of conferences, results presented at meetings (for example, to inform investigators or participants about findings), results from databases (data without interpretation, discussion, context, or conclusions in the form of tables and text to describe data/information where this is not easily presented in tabular form) are not considered before publication.

Authors who wish to publish translations of the articles that have been published elsewhere should ensure that they have appropriate permission(s), indicate clearly that the material has been translated and re-published, and show the primary source of the material. The Editor-in-Chief may request the related publications if he/she is concerned about overlap and possible redundancy.

Allegations of misconduct:

Lifescience Global will investigate if any form of misconduct is suspected in a submitted article . Editorial members/ editorial staff, as appropriate will be responsible for following up of such cases. Such articles are not only rejected but the submitting author is contacted first, for questions regarding any unfair actions. In case of no/unsatisfactory reply from authors Lifescience Global has the authority to contact their employers, institutions/organizations, or relevant regulatory body for investigating and resolving the issue. All steps are taken in the light of COPE’s directions as found in https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-problem-in-submitted-manuscript-cope-flowchart.pdf

All cases of misconduct are followed up till final settling of the issue. In rare situations of any allegation of ethical misconduct discovered and evidently proved in a post-published article by Lifescience Global journals, investigation will be carried out and appropriate action may be taken by handling editor of the article which may include retraction/ removal of the article from the journal. EIC may be contacted by the handling editor in case of complicated cases to make final decision. The editorial staff bears the responsibility to follow up the cases of misconduct till final solution of the issue is achieved. The extremely unusual cases of evident misconduct may be directed to COPE team by EIC in case no guiding rules/flowchart can be found regarding such issues.

Disclaimer: Responsibility for the content published by Lifescience Global in any of its journals, including any opinions expressed therein, rests exclusively with the author(s) of such content. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Lifescience Global (on its behalf and behalf of its staff and members of its editorial board) disclaims responsibility for any injury and/or damage (whether financial or otherwise) to persons or property, resulting directly or indirectly from any ideas, methods, instructions, or products (including errors in the same) referred to in any content of Lifescience Global journals.

Appeals and Complaints:

Generally, the editorial decisions are not reverted. However, authors who consider that their manuscript was rejected due to a misunderstanding or mistake may seek an explanation for the decision. Appeals must give sound reasoning and compelling evidence against the criticism raised in the rejection letter. A difference of opinion as to the interest, novelty, or suitability of the manuscript for the journal will not be considered an appeal. The EIC and other relevant editors will consider the request and their decision afterwards will be deemed final.

Acceptance of the manuscript for publishing is not guaranteed even if the journals’ concerned personals agree to reconsider the manuscript. The reconsideration process may involve previous or new reviewers or editors and substantive revision.

Authors who wish to make a complaint should refer them to the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal concerned. All appeals and complaints must be sent to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

Copyright

MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION:

An online submission and tracking service at Lifescience Global via the Internet facilitates a speedy and cost-effective submission of manuscripts. The full manuscript has to be submitted online via Lifescience Global, Canada Inc. Publication Management System (PMS) https://www.lifescienceglobal.com/pms/.

Please submit your paper in MS Word (.doc or .docx /LaTeX) file format according to the detailed Manuscript Preparation Guide given below. To ensure rapid review and publication, kindly adhere to these guidelines.

The number of pages is at the authors' discretion; on an average, papers are 10-25 pages long. When developing your article for publication, we firmly advise you to pay particular attention to your research methods, key results, and language.

It is imperative that before submission, authors should carefully proofread the files for special characters, mathematical symbols, Greek letters, equations, tables, and images, to ensure that they emerge in the proper format.

References, figures, tables, structures, etc., should be noted in the text where they have been discussed. The author also should present figure legends/captions. 

Originality:

Submissions must be original work, the copyright to which is not earlier published elsewhere. Originality, creativity, and a cross-disciplinary method or perspectives are greatly encouraged. Translated duplication of papers is not allowed. For detailed please visit: PUBLISHING ETHICS AND INTEGRITY

Language:

All manuscripts submitted to Lifescience Global journals must be written in English language only. If the author is not a native English speaker, we recommend proofreading the article for language efficiency. Language-editing services are also provided by Lifescience Global free of cost.

COPYRIGHT:

Submission of a manuscript to the respective journals implies that all authors have read and agreed to the content of the Covering Letter, and the Terms and Conditions of granting the copyright to Lifescience Global Canada Inc. Thereby the authors agree that the manuscripts submitted to Lifescience Global Canada Inc. journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere.

Lifescience Global Canada Inc. (Licensor) grants the author(s) a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, and non-commercial perpetual license to exercise the rights in the article published as stated below:

• All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode), which permits free distribution and reproduction in any medium that the work is properly cited.
• The authors retain the copyright of their published Open Access article. They will also have the right to:
• Reproduce the article, to incorporate the article into one or more collective works, and to reproduce the article as incorporated in collective works;
• Create and reproduce Derivative Works for educational purposes.
• Distribute Copies
• Right for any commercial application of the work, with prior agreement by the author, is exclusively granted to Lifescience Global Canada Inc. 

Download Copyright Form

Manuscript Preparation:

Manuscripts presented for research and review articles in the respective journal should be split into the following sections:

• Title
• Title Page
• Structured Abstract
• Keywords
• Text Aim
• Conclusion
• List of Abbreviations (if any)
• Approval for Publication
• Availability of Data and Materials
• Funding
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Appendices
• Figures/Illustrations (if any)
• Tables (if any)
• Supportive/Supplementary Material (if any)

Title:

The title should be specific and concise; and must not be more than 15 words. Information about the type of study should be a part of the title (especially for detailed reviews, and meta-analyses).

Title Page:

The title page should combine article’s title, author (s) full name and affiliation, corresponding author(s) name, institutional affiliation/address, and e-mail.

Authors should also present a short 'running title'. The title, running title, and keywords (as shown in the original manuscript) should be rewritten in the title page.

Structured Abstract:

An article's abstract should be its clear, concise, and precise summary, not exceeding 250 words. It must include the specific sub-headings (as in-line or run-in headings in bold). 

The headings can be adjusted but must state the purpose of the study, details of the methods, principal results, and conclusion.

Keywords:

The author must provide 6 to 8 keywords. Keep important and relevant keywords that researchers in your field will attempt so that your article will emerge in a database search. The keywords may be contained in the title, and should appear frequently in the article.

Main Text:

The main text should begin on a separate page and split into the title, abstract, and main text. The text may be subdivided further according to the fields to be discussed, backed by the List of Abbreviations (if any), Conflict of Interest, Acknowledgements, and Reference sections. For Review Articles, the manuscript should be prepared into title page, abstract, and the main text. The text may be partitioned further according to the fields to be explained, accompanied by the Acknowledgements and Reference sections. The Review Article should contain a broad discussion starting with the general background of the field and discussing notable previous and current reviews in the area. It should then move on to discuss the remarkable features of recent developments. Presenting material already declared in a former review should be avoided. Authors are advised to show and discuss their observations in conclusion section. Non-assimilated terms from Latin or other languages should be italicized, e.g., per se et al., etc.

For Research Articles, the manuscript should begin with the title page and abstract followed by the key words and main text which needs to be structured into separate sections of Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Ethics Approval, Conflict of Interest, Acknowledgements, and References.

The full term for an abbreviation should introduce its first appearance in the text, except when it is a standard unit of measurement.

Introduction:

The Introduction section should include the background and aims of the research comprehensively.

Materials and Methods:

This section provides details of the methodology used along with information on any previous efforts with corresponding references. The author should include details for further modifications and research. Sufficient information should be provided to the reader about the original data source to enable the analysis, appropriateness, and verification of the results reported in the study.

The Method Section needs to be sufficiently detailed regarding the data presented and the results produced from it. This section should include all the information and protocol gathered for the study. If the research is funded or financially supported by an organization, it should be mentioned in the Method Section. Methods must be result-oriented. The statement regarding the approval by an independent review committee (local, regional or national e.g., the ethics committee or institutional review board) should be a part of the Methods Section.

Results:

The essential and main findings of the study should come first in the Results Section. The tables, figures, and references should be given in sequence to emphasize the vital information or observations related to the research. The author should avoid the repetition of data in tables and figures and results should be presented precisely. If the research yields some negative/unsupportive results, authors should ethically also mention these in this section.

Discussion:

The author should explore the significance of the results of the research, and the results must be discussed with reference to previous literature published on the topic. However, extensive discussion of previously published studies must be avoided.

The Results and discussions sections may be presented separately, or these may be combined in a single section with short and informational headings.

Conclusion:

The author must give a small paragraph summarizing the article's contents and research outcome at the end of the article under the Conclusion section. Proposing further study on the subject may also be included in this section.

Funding:

The authors need to declare the funding sources of their manuscripts (if applied) clearly by providing the name of the funding agency or financial support along with allotted grant/award number in round brackets, for instance, 

"This work was financially supported by [name of the funding agency] (Grant number XXX).

Similarly, if an article does not have any particular funding source rather is a part of the profession of the authors, then the name of the employer will be expected. Authors will have to state whether the funder was involved in writing, editing, approval, or decision to publish the article.

Greek Symbols and Special Characters:

Greek symbols and special characters often undergo formatting changes and get corrupted or lost while preparing a manuscript for publication. Authors are advised to thoroughly check for these characters while submitting and later on during galley proof of their articles.

List of Abbreviations (if any):

If abbreviations are used in the text, either they should be specified in the text where first used or the author should provide a complete list of abbreviations after the Main text.

Appendixes:

If there is a need to present lengthy but essential methodological details, use appendices, which can be a part of the article. A single appendix should be titled as APPENDIX, while more than one can be titled APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, and so on.

Supportive/Supplementary Material (if any):

Supportive/Supplementary material intended for publication must be numbered and referred to in the manuscript, but should not be a part of the submitted paper. The author should provide In-text citations and a section with the heading "Supportive/Supplementary Material" before the "References" section. 

Research Ethics and Policies

Conflict of Interest:

The author must acknowledge financial contributions and any possible conflict of interest under the heading 'Conflict of Interest'. Authors need to list the source(s) of funding for the research. In case of no conflict of interest it should also be declared in words.

Acknowledgments:

All individuals listed as authors must have devoted substantially to the conception, execution, analysis, or summarizing of the work and are required to indicate their particular contribution. Anyone (individual/company/institution) who has substantially contributed to studying important intellectual content or was involved in drafting or revising the manuscript must also be acknowledged.

Guest or honorary authorship based solely on position (e.g., research supervisor, departmental head) is discouraged.

Unethical Behavior:

Anyone may point out unethical behavior and misconduct to the Editor and Publisher with enough shreds of evidence. In consultation with the Publisher, the Editor will initiate an investigation against this Unethical misconduct, complete the procedure until an unbiased decision is reached, and maintain confidentiality throughout the process. The author will be contacted to find reply to all minor or major accusations.

In case of serious breaches, the employer/ institution of the authors may be informed by the publishers, where appropriate, by the Editor/Publisher, after reviewing all available information and shreds of evidence or seeking help from experts in that field.

Consent for Publication:

If the manuscript has individuals' data, such as personal detail, audio-video material, etc., the individual's consent should be taken by the author. In children's cases, such permission should be obtained from the parent or the legal guardian of the child.

References:

References follow the text in a section headed REFERENCES (use first-level head format identified earlier).

All references should be double-spaced and use a hanging indent.

Use title case for all titles (capitalize all words except prepositions e.g., of, between, through; articles i.e., a, an, and the; and conjunctions e.g., but, and, or; however, capitalize these if they begin the title or the subtitle).

Capitalize only the first word in hyphenated compound words, unless the second word is a proper noun or adjective (for example, don’t capitalize it in The Issue of Self-preservation for Women, but do capitalize it in Terrorist Rhetoric: The Anti-American Sentiment).

All references should be in alphabetical order according to the first author’s last name.

Include first names for all authors, rather than initials, but use first-name and middle-name initials if an author used initials in the original publication.

List all authors. It is not acceptable to use et al. in the References section unless the work was authored by a committee.

For repeated authors or editors, include the full name in all references (note: this is a change from the third edition of the ASA Style Guide). Arrange references for the same author in chronological order, beginning with the oldest e.g.,

Baltzell, E. Digby. 1958. Philadelphia Gentlemen. Glencoe, IL: Free Press

Baltzell, E. Digby. 1964. The Protestant Establishment. New York: Random House.

Baltzell, E. Digby. 1976. “The Protestant Establishment Revisited.” American Scholar 45:499-519.

When an author appears in both single-authored references and as the first author in a multiple-authored reference, place all of the single-authored references first, even though they may not be in the proper chronological order.

Hoge Dean R., 1979. "A Test of Theories of Denominational Growth and Decline." Pp. 179-197 in Understanding Church Growth and Decline 1950-1978, edited by D. R. Hoge and D. A. Roozen. New York and Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press.

Hoge Dean R., Benton Johnson, and Donald A. Luidens. 1994. Vanishing Boundaries: The Religion of Mainline Baby Boomers. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.

When the same first author appears in multiple references, arrange them alphabetically by the last name of the second author.

Alba, Richard and Philip Kasinitz, 2006. “Sophisticated Television, Sophisticated Stereotypes.” Contexts 5(4):74-77.

Alba, Richard, John R. Logan, and Brian J. Stults. 2000. “The Changing Neighborhood Contexts of the Immigrant Metropolis.” Social Forces 79(2):587-621.

When including more than one work by the same author(s) from the same year, add letters to the year (2010a, 2010b, 2010c) and then list the references for that author and year alphabetically by title.

Fyfe, James J. 1982a. “Blind Justice: Police Shootings in Memphis.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73(2):707-22.

Fyfe, James J. 1982b. “Race and Extreme Police-Citizen Violence.” Pp. 173-94 in Readings on Police Use of Deadly Force, edited by J. J. Fyfe. New York: Police Foundation.

Reference Examples

Book with One Author

Author's full name, inverted so that last name appears first. Year. Book Title in Title Caps and Italicized. Publishing City: Publisher.

Note that the two-letter state abbreviation should be given only if needed to identify the city. For a publisher located in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, or Boston, for example, it would not be necessary to include the state abbreviation.

Note that the word "volume" is capitalized and abbreviated but not italicized.

Gurr, Ted Robert, ed. 1989. Violence in America. Vol. 1, The History of Crime. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Mason, Karen. 1974. Women's Labor Force Participation. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institutes of Health.

Book with Two or More Authors

Same as with one author, but do not invert authors’ names after the first author. Separate authors’ names with a comma (unless there are only two authors), and include the word ‘and’ before the final author.

Note that the word “edition” is abbreviated, and not italicized or capitalized.

Corbin, Juliet, and Anselm Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

 Edited Volume (when citing the entire volume)

 Same as book reference but add "eds." to denote book editor'(s') name(s).

 Hagan, John and Ruth D. Peterson, eds. 1995. Crime and Inequality. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Chapter in an Edited Volume

Put the chapter title in quotes.

Use Pp. and page numbers to designate where the chapter is found in the volume.

Italicize the book title, then give the book editor’(s’) name(s).

Do not invert editor'(s)' name(s).

Use initials instead of first and middle names for editor(s).

Clausen, John. 1972. "The Life Course of Individuals." Pp. 457-514 in Aging and Society. Vol. 3, A Sociology of Stratification, edited by M.W. Riley, M. Johnson, and A. Foner. New York: Russell Sage.

Scholarly Journal Article

Author's full name (inverted so that last name appears first). Year. “Article Title in Title Caps and in Quotes.”, Journal Title in Title Caps and Italicized Volume Number (Issue Number):page numbers of article.

Note that there is no space after the colon preceding page numbers.

For multiple authors, invert last name of first author only. Separate authors’ names with commas, unless there are only two author. Use and between last two authors.

Conger Rand. 1997. "The Effects of Positive Feedback on Direction and Amount of Verbalization in a Social Setting." American Journal of Sociology 79:1179-259.

Coe Deborah L. and James D. Davidson. 2011. “The Origins of Legacy Admissions: A Sociological Explanation.” Review of Religious Research 52(3):233-47.

Magazine or Newspaper Article

Ziff, Larzer. 1995. "The Other Lost Generation," Saturday Review, February 20, pp. 15-18.

Newspaper Article (author unknown) Lafayette Journal & Courier. 1998. Newspaper editorial. December 12, p. A-6.

Public Documents: Because the nature of public documents is so varied, the form of entry for documentation cannot be standardized. The essential rule is to provide sufficient information so that the reader can locate the reference easily.

Reports, Constitutions, Laws, and Ordinances

New York State Department of Labor. 1997. Annual Labor Area Report: New York City, Fiscal Year 1996 (BLMI Report, No. 28). Albany: New York State Department of Labor.

Ohio Revised Code Annotated, Section 3566 (West 2000).

Telecommunications Act of 1996, Public Law 104-014, 110 U.S. Statutes at Large 56 (1996).

U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1990. Characteristics of Population. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 4.

Legislation Examples

Court cases and legislative acts follow a format stipulated by legal publishers.

The act or case is listed first, followed by volume number, abbreviated title, and the date of the work in which the act or case is found.

The volume number is given in Arabic numerals, and the date is parenthesized.

Court cases are italicized, but acts are not.

Case names, including v., are italicized.

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

If retrieved from an online database, such as LexisNexis or HeinOnline, provide access information.

Ohio v. Vincer (Ohio App. Lexis 4356 [1999]).

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007. H.R. 2. 110th Congress, 1st Session, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2010  (http://loc.gov).

Unpublished Materials

Name of author. Year. Title of Presentation. Location where the article was presented or is available or has been accepted for publication but has not yet been published.

Conger, Rand D. Forthcoming. “The Effects of Positive Feedback on Direction and Amount of Verbalization in a Social Setting.” Sociological Perspectives.

Smith, Tom. 2003. “General Social Survey.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 16, Atlanta, GA.

Dissertation or Thesis

King, Andrew J. 1976. “Law and Land Use in Chicago: A Pre-history of Modern Zoning.” PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison. 

Print Edition of a Book Accessed through an Online Library

Daniels, John. 2010. Apathetic College Students in America. Middletown, IL: University of Middletown Press. Retrieved April 6, 2011 (give complete link of the reference).

Archival Sources

Meany Archives, LRF, Box 6, March 18, 1970. File 20. Memo, conference with Gloster Current, Director of Organization, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Electronic Sources

 For electronic references, follow the same guidelines as for print references, adding information about the medium, such as the URL and date of access.

For online periodicals (journals, magazines, and newspapers), use the same format as for printed periodicals, unless they are available ONLY in online form. In that case, simply add the date viewed and the URL for retrieving the article.

Manuscript Writing Style

For preparing and general formatting of your manuscript for IJCS follow the ASA Style Guide which specifies a particular style of writing for presenting sociological work. Below given guidelines will help authors to draft their manuscript according to IJCS requirements.

Basics

Generally, avoid writing in the first person, unless instructed to do so. Avoid giving an opinion, unless the purpose of the writing is to make an argument.

Use the active voice (click here to view the OWL's resources on active voice).

Spell out words such as percent, chi-square and versus, rather than using their abbreviations (except when presenting data in tables or graphs).

Avoiding Plagiarism

Whenever using data that someone else collected; or referring to that data; or using another person’s ideas whether published, unpublished, or available electronically; give reference to the author(s). This also applies whether quoting their work verbatim or paraphrasing it.

Lifescience Global Canada Inc. uses an up-to-date software, which detects instances of overlapping and similar text in submitted manuscripts. This software controls content against a database of periodicals, the Internet, and an extensive article database. It generates a similarity report, highlighting the percentage overlap between the uploaded article and the published material. For further details please see editorial policies.

Clarity

Use straightforward language avoiding jargon, superlatives, wordy phrases and common expressions. Pay close attention to essential grammatical issues as consistent use of verb tenses and accuracy in spelling, punctuation, sentence construction, and following a well-thought-out outline.

Bias

Gender

Unless gendered terms are important to the analysis or demographics, use non-gendered terms wherever possible.

Instead of man, men, or mankind, use person, people, individual, or humankind e.g.,

“Then there will be peace for mankind” becomes “Then there will be peace for humankind”.

When appropriate, use a plural noun (people) or a pronoun (they). Replace gendered pronouns with an article when possible (instead of hers). e.g., “A girl can play her guitar” becomes “People can play their guitars”/ “A person can play the guitar”.

Race and Ethnicity

Avoid racial and ethnic stereotyping.

Be as specific as possible when using terms that describe a race or ethnicity e.g.,

Chinese is more specific than Asian; Puerto Rican is more specific than Latino.

Use the following terms:

* African American (no hyphen)

* black (not capitalized)

* white (not capitalized)

* Hispanic, Chicano, Latino/Latina (Latino if gender is unknown or known to be male; Latina if known to be female)

* American Indian or Native American (no hyphen)

* Asian or Asian American (no hyphen)

Avoid using the following:

* Negro

* Afro-American

* Oriental

Acronym Usage

The first time you use an acronym, you should give the full name with the acronym in parenthesis.

Afterward, you can use only the acronym. e.g., According to a Department of Energy (DoE) report...

Later in the text:

The DoE suggests that.

Verb Tense

Different sections of a paper may call for different verb tenses but use the same tense within each section.

Literature Review

Use the past tense to communicate that the research being reviewed has been completed e.g.,

In their study of declining congregations, Hoge and Roozen (1979) found that institutional factors were also important.

It is possible to mix tenses if it helps to explain the finding e.g.,

In their study of declining congregations, Hoge and Roozen (1979) found that institutional factors may also help to explain the congregational decline.

Methods Section

Use the past tense to explain the methods used in the research.

“Data collection consisted of twenty interviews in each congregation between the months of November 2010 and February 2011.’’

Results Section

Use either past or present tense but don’t mix them.

‘These results suggest that institutional factors do help explain the congregational decline.’

OR:

‘These results suggested that institutional factors did help explain the congregational decline.’

Punctuation

Use only single space after punctuation marks (do not use two spaces between sentences).

Punctuation marks should be in the same font (including italics) as the text that precedes it. (Note: this is a change from the previous usage in The Chicago Manual of Style). ‘The respondent replied, “I loved the movie, Crash!” ’

When numbering a series of items in a list, use the convention (1), (2), (3) rather than 1. or 1).

‘The study finds that three variables are important predictors of openness to outside groups: (1) endorsement of the group, (2) political climate, and (3) cultural compatibility.’

Figures / Tables / Illustrations (if any):

The authors are expected to submit good-quality figure(s) in PDF, PPT, MS Word, TIFF, or JPEG versions.

Requirement

• Width = 8.5 inches (In-between the required size)
• Height = 11 inches (In-between the required size)

All figures should be in vector scale (except half tone, photograph.)

Tables:

Data Tables should be submitted in Microsoft Word or Excel format.

• Each table should include a title/caption explaining the details discussed in the table. Detailed legends may then follow.
• Table number in bold font, i.e., Table 1, should follow a title. The title should be in small case with the first letter in caps. 
• Columns and rows of data should be made visibly distinct by ensuring that the borders of each cell are performed as black lines.
• Tables should be numbered in Arabic numerals sequentially in order of their citation in the body of the text.
• Reference cited in both the table and text, please insert a lettered footnote to refer to the numbered reference in the text.
• It is adequate to present data in Tables to avoid unnecessary repetition and reduce the length of the text.
• The author must ensure the citation of each table in the text.
• The author should explain symbols and non-standard abbreviations at the end of the text.

LANGUAGE AND EDITING:

Manuscripts containing language inconsistencies will not be published. Authors should seek professional assistance for correcting grammatical and typographical errors before submitting the revised version of the article for publication. 

PROOF CORRECTIONS:

Authors are required to proofread the PDF versions of their manuscripts before submission. To avoid delays in publication, proofs should be checked immediately for typographical errors and returned within 48 hours. 

The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that the revised manuscript, including all proposed amendments, is endorsed by all authors.

REVIEWING AND PROMPTNESS OF PUBLICATION

All papers submitted for publication are immediately subjected to preliminary editorial scrutiny by the handling editor of the manuscript regarding their suitability. The Editor determines if the manuscript:

• Falls within the scope of the journal and
• Meets the editorial criteria of Lifescience Global Canada Inc. in terms of originality and quality.

Manuscripts that appear suitable are then subjected to double-blind peer-review by, usually two, neutral eminent experts. The services of well-known international experts are sought through invitations to peer-review a submitted manuscript, keeping in view the manuscript's scope and the reviewers' expertise. The anonymity of reviewers ensures objective and unbiased assessment of the manuscript by the reviewers.

The editorial process and peer-review workflow for each journal are taken care of by a team of Senior Editors, Editorial Board Members (EBMs), and dedicated Journal managers who have the required expertise in their specific fields.

After receiving reviewers’ comments the Editors may recommend acceptance, revision, or rejection of a manuscript based on these comments.

Reviewer's comments may be categorized as:

• Requires minor changes
• Requires major changes
• Rejected but may be resubmitted
• Rejected with no resubmission

The authors are usually requested to resubmit the revised paper within five days, and it may then be returned to the reviewers for further evaluation. The Editor-in-Chief of the journal is the final authority to accept or reject the manuscript.

• The average time during which the preliminary assessment of manuscripts is conducted is 1 week after submission.
• The average time during which the reviews of manuscripts are conducted 4-6 weeks
• The average time in which the article is published 8 weeks

PERMISSION FOR REPRODUCTION:

Published/reproduced material should not be included unless you have obtained written permission from the copyright holder. 

For obtaining permission for reproducing any material published in an article by Lifescience Global Canada Inc. This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. for consideration.

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS:

For proposals to publish conference proceedings in this journal, please contact us at e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..