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Abstract : A Brief History of Prohibition and Treatment Solutions for Substance Abusers
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Abstract: The predominant policy of prohibition (i.e. “War on Drugs”) emerged in the early Twentieth Century. It has been expanded on since that time to become the primary thrust of drug policy in almost every nation today. We will examine how this came about and the ways in which it has contributed to the maltreatment of substance abuse disorders. Keywords: Prohibition, social history, criminalization, addiction.Download Full Article |
Abstract : Evidence for a Big Brother Effect in Survey-Based Fear of Crime Research
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Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether sibling sex and birth order have any influence on individuals’ reported fear of crime levels. Based on literature relating to gender, socialization, vicarious fear for spouses and children, and sibling influence, three hypotheses were formed. It was expected that a) having siblings would be protective against fear, b) male fear of crime would increase with the number of younger sisters and c) female fear of crime would decrease with the number of older brothers. A total of 83 McMaster University undergraduate students completed a survey that included demographic questions and a fear of crime index. Results indicated the existence of a “big brother effect”, whereby females with older brothers exhibited less fear of crime than other females. There was no statistically significant difference in fear of crime among those with and without siblings and no sex-specific sibling effects on fear of crime in males. Explanations of this result focused on female vulnerability, socialization and the particular influence of older brothers on their sisters’ behaviour and characteristics. This study highlights the influence of siblings on fear of crime and provides impetus for future research. Keywords: Fear of crime, sibling effect, big brother effect.Download Full Article |
Abstract : The Individual Agency and Social Structure Dialectic: Exploring Women’s Experiences of Remand Custody through Arts and Community-Based Research
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Abstract: ackground:Attention to the interaction between individual agency and the structural causes and solutions to repeated incarceration is important to create sustainable change. In order to create this change, we will need to work in new ways to investigate the issues and to collaboratively identify and implement solutions. Purpose:Arts-and community-based research methods were used to explore the experiences and personal knowledge of women in remand custody. Results:The findings substantiate current knowledge of the underlying causes of women’s incarceration, including both structural issues (e.g., poverty, inaccessible education and employment, housing instability) and personal issues (e.g., addictions, history of family violence). Although the women acknowledged individual responsibility, attention to the structural causes and solutions to the cycling in and out of incarceration is fundamentally important, underpinning all of the women’s recommendations. Conclusion:The challenge of reducing the cycle of repeated incarceration for women will require a concerted collaborative effort using creative endeavors that bring the knowledge and experience of the women together with key players who can influence change at both the individual and the systemic levels. Keywords: Women, remand custody, community-based research, arts-based research, structural social work theory.Download Full Article |
Abstract : Internment in the United Kingdom During the Twentieth Century and Its Links to the Evolution of Immigration Detention
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Abstract: Immigration detention is cementing into a permanent aspect of border and immigration control in the United Kingdom. This article uses a historical examination of internment to contribute to a larger literature that unsettles the official record of detention policy as a natural development in an otherwise functioning immigration and border control bureaucracy. In so doing, I present an original overview of the First World War, Second World War, and Gulf War internments. My research findings demonstrate that wartime powers legislated in times of national distress have been repackaged as seemingly quotidian tools of immigration and asylum control. The results of this normalisation have included the reinforcement of a false logic of differentiation between citizens and threats, and between “good” and “bad” migrants; and an instrumentalisation of national insecurity to curtail the movements and basic rights of all individuals. Keywords: Detention, internment, immigration, United Kingdom, public policy, history.Download Full Article |
