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Abstract: Efficacy of Extraction Methods of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract for Enhanced Growth and Yield of Wheat
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Abstract: A field study was conducted to assess effective method to get Moringa leaf extract, through its response on growth and yield traits of wheat. Extracts of whole or chopped and dry or fresh Moringa leaves were used exogenously i.e. pre-sowing seed soaking as well as water diluted solution based foliar spray application at tillering and booting stages. Significantly higher growth response in term of leaf area index, leaf area duration, and crop growth rate was observed when combination of 30 times diluted moringa leaf extract (MLE) was applied at both crop stages. Yield contributing traits of wheat such as fertile tillers, spikelet’s spikelet’s per spike, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological and grain yields were recorded in significantly higher due to 30 times diluted fresh MLE followed by 20 times dilution of Moringa dried leaf powder (DLP). While, control treatment and hydro-priming showed at comparable results in the form of significantly lesser fertile tillers, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain or biological yields. Conclusively, 30 times diluted MLE proved the best among the treatments combinations for improved wheat growth and yield however, the biochemical features responsible for such promotive response are yet to be investigated prior to dissemination of this technology to the farmer field. Keywords: Moringa, Fresh leaf extracts, Dried leaf extract, wheat, growth, Yield. Download Full Article |
Abstract: Impact of Cooking Methods on Physicochemical and Sensory Attributes of Apple Gourd
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Abstract: An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of some cooking methods on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of apple gourd during 2016-17. For this purpose, vegetable was procured, washed, peeled, sliced and distributed in five equal lots. Four of these lots were used for individual cooking treatments (i.e. T2=boiling, T3=steaming, T4=frying and T5=microwaving), however, last lot was treated as control (i.e. T1=raw/without treatment). After cooking, all samples were used for analysis. It was found that all organic acids (%) i.e. acetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid remained significantly higher (P<0.05) in T4, average pH value and moisture content (%) in T2, however, ash, dry matter, fiber content (%) and total soluble solids (Brix°) in T4. Present study also revealed that T4 perceived significantly higher (P<0.05) score for all sensory attributes i.e. color, aroma, taste texture and overall acceptability. It can be concluded from the present study that all cooking treatments applied on apple gourd showed variable impact upon overall physicochemical and sensory properties. It can also be concluded that T4 treatment remained most suitable for maintaining the quality attributes of apple gourd followed by T5, T3, T2 and T1. Keywords: Cooking treatments, physicochemical analysis and apple gourd. Download Full Article |
Abstract: Role of Metal Ions, Surfactants and Solvents on Enzymatic Activity of Partial Purified Glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger ER05
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Abstract: The glucoamylase requirement of different industries should vary in their physiochemical and functional properties, so the investigation of new sources for the novel enzymes is the only solution. The current study describe the production of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger ER05 in a submerged fermentation. The enzyme then partially purified and then effect of thirteen different metal ions (Cs+, K+, Na+, Ba2+, Ca2+ Co2+, Cu2+ , Hg2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ , Fe3+), surfactant as well as organic solvent on catalytic performance of glucoamylase was studied. A newly isolated Aspergillus niger ER05 is hyper producing strain of glucoamylase. Specific activity for the crude enzyme was found to be 6.87 KU/mg. The crude enzyme was partially purified via fractional ammonium sulphate precipitation. Ammonium sulphate saturation from 40-80% was found suitable to precipitate the enzyme. After dialyzing precipitates, the specific activities were found to be 66.33KU/mg with percent yield of 26.5. The inhibitory influence of all metal studies was interestingly found on glucoamylase activity. The strong inhibition was demonstrated in presence of Hg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe3+. Only Na+ ions were able to maintain the 101% relative activity at 1mM concentration. The SDS completely inhibits the enzyme activity and in presence of tween-80 and triton X-100 glucoamylase exhibited less than 45% relative activity. Furthermore, formaldehyde, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, and DMSO stabilized the enzyme activity while chloroform inhibits enzyme activity by 48%. Keywords: Activators, inhibitors, metal ions, surfactants, organic solvents, glucose, Aspergillus niger. Download Full Article |
Abstract: Latent Class Model on Socio-Religious Data
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Abstract: We believe that in last two decades perception regarding socio-religious values had been changed in our society. Survey has been carried out on “changes in social values and their acceptance” in year 2011. Respondents have asked 74 questions (marked on Likert-scale) regarding educational system, political and religious affiliations and their impact on social values. Among these we have selected only those questions related to socio-religious issues (based on of individual and collective perceptions about the prevailing standard of the society in comparison with Islamic standards). Similar surveys using the same questionnaire had had conducted in year 1994 and 2001. Respondents, at each time of survey, were young students (youth acquiring education) from different colleges (Karachi region) and Karachi University. Perception can be explained more appropriately through latent class model (LCM). Through LCM we can explore structures in the data in term of different opinion groups. The modeling is done on the selected set of similar questions from each year. Conditional probabilities for year 2011, 2001 and 1994 are then compared in search of presence of any difference of opinion between the respondents. It is observed that by the passage of time, due to the influence of the electronic media there is a change in the opinion about the values of the society among the youth. Although, there is a reduction in the proportion of “Dissatisfied group” within the society but negative perception is penetrating among our young generation specifically about Ulmah and Imam’s role and women’s due rights toward society. Keywords: Chi-square test, Latent Variable, Parsimony Measures, Structural Modeling etc. Download Full Article |
