Latent Class Model on Socio-Religious Data - Pages 147-155

Bushra Shamshad and Junaid Saghir Siddiqi

https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.22

Published: 13 April 2018

Abstract: We believe that in last two decades perception regarding socio-religious values had been changed in our society. Survey has been carried out on “changes in social values and their acceptance” in year 2011. Respondents have asked 74 questions (marked on Likert-scale) regarding educational system, political and religious affiliations and their impact on social values. Among these we have selected only those questions related to socio-religious issues (based on of individual and collective perceptions about the prevailing standard of the society in comparison with Islamic standards). Similar surveys using the same questionnaire had had conducted in year 1994 and 2001. Respondents, at each time of survey, were young students (youth acquiring education) from different colleges (Karachi region) and Karachi University. Perception can be explained more appropriately through latent class model (LCM). Through LCM we can explore structures in the data in term of different opinion groups. The modeling is done on the selected set of similar questions from each year. Conditional probabilities for year 2011, 2001 and 1994 are then compared in search of presence of any difference of opinion between the respondents. It is observed that by the passage of time, due to the influence of the electronic media there is a change in the opinion about the values of the society among the youth. Although, there is a reduction in the proportion of “Dissatisfied group” within the society but negative perception is penetrating among our young generation specifically about Ulmah and Imam’s role and women’s due rights toward society. 

Keywords: Chi-square test, Latent Variable, Parsimony Measures, Structural Modeling etc.

Comparison of Foliar Verses Soil Application of Micronutrients on the Production of Wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) Crop. - Pages 161-164
Arshad Ali Kaleri, Mukesh Kumar Soothar, Barkat Ali, Saeed Ahmed, Aurang Zaib, Abdul Jabbar Chandio, Feroz Gul Nizamani and Ayaz Ali Pahnwar

https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.24

Published: 23 April 2018

Abstract: The present work was laid out to compare the effect of foliar verses soil application of micronutrients on the production of wheat crop at experimental side of southern wheat station Agriculture Research Institute Tandojam, during Rabi season 2016. There were ten fertilizer treatments viz T1= K2%, T2= 1% Zn, T3= B 0.2%, T4= Cu 2%, T5= Mg 1% as foliar application while T6= 6Kg Zn ha^-1, T7= 3.5Kg B ha-¹ (Borax) T8= 5Kg Cu ha-¹ (CuSo4), untreated T9 tried with an standard dose of 230-115 Kg and NP ha^-1 was (T10). The experiment was laid out in three replicated Randomized Complete Block Design. It was observed that plant height, tillers plant^-1, spike length, grains spike^-1, 1000 grain weight and grain yield ha^-1 differed significant between all the treatments. Soil application of 6 Kg ha^-1 Zn gave maximum grain yield of 5113.33 Kg ha^-1, this increscent in yield was associated with significant increase in tillers plant^-1 of 20.81.Spike length of 13.84 cm, grain spike^-1 of 71.95 and 1000 seed weight was 68.66 respectively. It is concluded that soil application of micronutrients were relatively more effective than foliar application in local soil condition. Among the micronutrients Zn applied at 6 Kg ha^-1, followed by 3 Kg Mg ha^-1 and 3.5 Kg B ha^-1 gave higher grain yield due to increased values in all yield related parameters.

Keywords: Micronutrients, Wheat, Foliar, Soil, Fertilizer and Nitrogen.

Using Art as Therapy with a Child with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Comorbid Intellectual Disability: A Case Study - Pages 156-160

Hina Ayaz

https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.23

Published: 23 April 2018

Abstract: Objective: The aim of the present study is to highlight the significance of Art as therapy for the reduction of symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder.

Place of Study: Karachi, Pakistan.

Research Design: Case study.

Sample and Method: This paper is based on a case of a 6 year and 5 months old girl with Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder predominantly hyperactive-Impulsive type and Mild Intellectual disability diagnosed by Trained and qualified clinical psychologist At Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi. She was regular student of Special school, Karachi Pakistan. She was given 25 sessions of behavioral approach to art therapy. ADHD-T was administered (pre-post intervention) for measuring the intensity of symptoms Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder and improvement in the developmental and artistic level of the child.

Conclusions: The results revealed the effectiveness of art therapy in reduction of the symptoms of Attention Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder. The improvement is vivid in the graphic presentation of the art work. Limitations and implications were also discussed.

Results: Results showed decrease in the intensity of the symptoms of Attention.

Keywords: Art therapy, ADHD, developmental level, artistic level.

The Slaughtering and Dressing Procedures of Livestock Inside the Butcher Shops Generate High Levels of Bacterial Contamination - Pages 165-173

Fawzi I. Irshaid, Jacob H. Jacob and Saifaldeen I. Alhawamdeh

https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2018.14.25

Published: 25 April 2018

Abstract: Background and Objective: Raw meats from animal carcasses are most frequently contaminated with bacteria during the slaughtering and dressing process. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the bacterial quality of raw meat from lamb, goat and beef carcasses immediately after slaughtering at butcher shops in Al-Mafraq city-Jordan.

Materials and Methods: A total of 243 meat samples were aseptically cut from the hand, leg and back of carcasses at three butcher locations, designated as site-C (the central part of the city), site-N (the north side of the city) and site-S (the south side of the city). Samples were processed and then cultured on nutrient agar and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar plates aerobically at 35 °C for 48 h for enumeration of bacteria and total Enterobacteriaceae count (TEC) by aerobic plate count (APC). APC and TEC were expressed as colony forming units per gram of meat (CFU/g).

Results: APC and TEC in the raw meats ranged from 11.6-28.1 X 10⁶ CFU/g on nutrient agar and from 23-120 X 10³ CFU/g on XLD agar medium. By meat type, the lamb had the highest APC and TEC, followed by beef. By location, the highest APC and TEC were shown in the C-Site, followed by the S-Site. There were significant differences between APC counts by location and meat type (P<0.05). APC and TEC at the legs of the tested carcasses were significantly higher than the hand and back regions (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: There were high levels of bacterial loads on raw meat carcasses during slaughtering and dressing process inside the butcher shops. The bacterial load exceeded the guideline set up by international studies and was influenced by location, meat type and part of the carcass. To improve the quality of locally produced raw meat, these findings emphasized the need to curb slaughtering animal inside the butcher shops. 

Keywords: Aerobic plate count, carcasses, contamination, hygiene conditions, selective medium.