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Abstract: Based on the research and material—sorting in recent decades involving Tibetan medicine Mongolia medicine Dai medicine Zhuang medicine Yao medicine, Yi medicine, Miao medicine, Jinuo medicine. Tibetan medicine has a unique system of medical theory, which posits that poisoning incidents have close relation with rLung, nKhris-pa, Badkan three factors (namely three due to), which by adjusting three due to is balance and achieve detoxification. Mongolian medicine believes that there are five-element doctrine, cold and heat, the strength and size of detoxifying respectively. "Disease first solution, the solution after the first treatment," Dai medicine "Yajie" theory and the series of Yajie (antidote)", which play a role in detoxification lies. Zhuang medicine theory includes "virtual drug-induced diseases," the etiology and pathogenesis. By correcting the bias by that bias, in order to achieve the purpose of detoxification. Yao medical theory: the Profit and Loss Balance Theory, the Cause Theory, which are related to detoxification. According to the theory of three gas, toxin factor theory as the core contents of Yi medical theory, which the application of detoxification method is associated with. Miao medicine thinks Poison for all ills, highlight the dispel toxin factor to the poison thery of nine. Jinuo medicine is fully application of national folk-detoxification plant and animal medicines, achieve the purposes of detoxification. In this review, we summarized the major approaches applied for detoxification methods by different ethnic groups in order to provide better guide for clinical practice of food, drugs, poisons and other toxics. This work provides also potential clinical application to open up a new way of thinking and new perspective for detoxification therapy based on the accumulated knowledge in traditional Chinese medicine. Keywords: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ethnic minority, detoxification drugs, ethno-medicine, detoxification methods.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Microbial fermentation for bio-based products is quickly becoming an integral component of the world infrastructure, as the processes encompassing the synthesis of these natural products becomes more efficient and cost effective to compete with existing commodities. Bioethanol is currently one of the most desired fermentation products, as this constituent can be applied to multiple uses in not only contributing to the more traditional routes of beer brewing and winemaking, but also in the foundation for green fuel sources. By optimizing yields, the innovative processes could be applied towards engineering more rapid and productive biomanufacturing. In order to achieve these goals, we as researchers must understand the underlying principles and intricate networks that play a role within the microenvironment and also on the cellular level in key fermentative microbes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. In-depth pathway analysis could lead to the development of more favorable metabolic outcomes. This review focuses on the key metabolic networks and cellular frameworks in these model organisms, and how biosynthesis of ethanol yields can be optimized throughout the fermentation process. Keywords: Bioethanol, Biofuel, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zymomonas mobilis.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Cysteine has a wide application in pharmaceutical, foods and cosmetic industries. In the biological system, through its unique properties of sulfur and thiol, cysteine also plays important roles in stability, structure, catalytic activity, and regulation of numerous proteins. In nature, cysteine can be found in animal proteins, fruits, vegetables, legumes and cereal. Due to its wide application, the production of cysteine in large scale is in favour. At present, cysteine is produced from keratin of animal sources as well as through microbial bioconversion and fermentation. Each production method poses its own challenges and limitation; which includes low yield, high-cost and poor consumer acceptance. As such, alternative source for large-scale cysteine production is of interest. Plants are seen to be an attractive substrate for the extraction of cysteine. Keywords: Amino acid biosynthesis, cysteine production, cysteine purification, sulfur amino acid.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of different concentrations of 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), asparagine and glutamine on a number of embryos from callus of Agave americana L generated with 0.5mg/L of 2,4-D, treatments obtained according to an experimental design with response surface Box-Behnken with three repetitions at the central point with 0, 1 and 2 mg L-1 2, 4-D; 0, 200 and 500 mg L-1 glutamine and 0, 500 and 1000 mg L-1 asparagine. The embryo number was optimized using the RITA® automatic bioreactors system using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) varying the immersion frequencies with similar solid and liquid treatments at the same time for comparative purposes. The results showed that interaction between asparagine and glutamine had a statistically significant effect and the largest embryo number was obtained with the higher concentration of the two amino acids, the coefficient of determination (R2) calculated from the validation data for RSM model was 0.92, The use of the RITA® bioreactor had a positive effect on embryo number at 1 min of immersion time and a frequency of 12 times a day comparing with the liquid system but not at others frequencies, possibly because of the physical conditions inside the reactor. Response surface design was an experimental strategy which led to raise the embryo number using asparagine and glutamine as supplement of MS medium in the callus differentiation A. americana L. and using the RITA reactors automatic system was effective to improve the multiplication rate. Keywords: Agave americana L., glutamine, asparagine, somatic embryogenesis, Box-Behnken design, temporal immersion.Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Most of grasshoppers in the family Oedipodidae are the famous agriculture pests in China. However monophyly and the relationships among the subfamilies within this family are unclear up to now. Here the phylogeny of the Oedipodidae was reconstructed based on 16S rDNA sequence fragments by using Mekongiella kingdoni and Atractomorpha sinensis as outgroups under weighted MP, NJ and Bayesian criteria. The 408 bp fragments of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene were sequenced for 15 species from 4 subfamilies of the family Oedipodidae, and the homologous sequences of other 15 species of grasshoppers were downloaded from the GenBank data library. The numbers of transitions and transversions among pairwise comparisons of the 16S fragments were respectively plotted against percentage sequence differences. Saturation of transitions was discovered, and transversions were not saturated with the increase of percentage sequence difference in the plots. All the individuals of the Oedipodidae excluding Trilophidia annulata were gathered together in the three trees. Our results are very different from the traditionary taxonomy of the Oedipodidae including 4 subfamilies. The Bryodemellinae is not supported as a subfamily, and neither Locustinae nor Oedipodinae are supported as a monophyletic group in this study. Keywords: Oedipodidae, 16S rDNA, monophyly, subfamily.Download Full Article |