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Abstract: Chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant tumour arising from the cartilage with a high variability in the clinical course and overall prognosis. This entity has, generally, a predilection for long bones of the limbs and pelvis and the location in the cranial bones is quite rare. We report a case of a 38 year male with a large and poorly symptomatic parafalcine chondrosarcoma of the cranial vault which was removed en bloc. The described location is extremely rare. Magnetic Resonance Imaging permitted to better delineate the lesion and plan the most appropriate therapeutic approach. Final diagnosis was based on histological examination, which confirmed the hypothesis of low-grade parafalcine chondrosarcoma. Even though surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for cerebral chondrosarcomas, adjuvant radiotherapy such as stereotactic, proton beam or carbon ion-beam therapy might be necessary in aggressive or incomplete removed cases. Keywords: Chondrosarcoma, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, skull base, malignant tumor, adjuvant radiotherapy. |
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Abstract: Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of modern world. Breast cancer is the second most type of cancer & the fifth most common cause of cancer related death so it’s a significant public health problem in the world especially for elderly females. Computer technology specifically computer aided diagnosis (CAD), relatively young interdisciplinary technology, has had a tremendous impact on medical diagnosis of cancer detection due to its accuracy and cost effectiveness. The accuracy of CAD to detect abnormalities on medical image analysis requires a robust segmentation algorithm. To achieve accurate segmentation, an efficient edge-detection algorithm is essential. The mammogram is a comparatively efficient and low cost diagnostic imaging technique for breast cancer detection. In this paper a robust mammogram enhancement and edge detection algorithm is proposed, using tree-based adaptive thresholding technique. The proposed technique has been compared with different classical edge-detection techniques yielding acceptable out come. The proposed edge-detection algorithm showing 0.07 p-values and 2.411 t-stat in one sample two tail t-test (α = 0.025). The edge is single pixeled and connected which is very significant for medical edge-detection. Keywords: Mammogram, CAD, Edge Detection, Full and Complete Binary Tree, Adaptive Threshold, Histogram, Average Bin Distance (ABD), Maximum Difference Threshold (MDT), Prominent Bins, t-Test. Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Factors influencing the cancer therapy efficiency in both photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) using nanogold particles and photosensitizers, respectively, are analyzed. In PTT, heat diffusion kinetics is used to calculate the temperature increase resulted from the nanogold absorption of light energy, whereas photochemical kinetics is used to find the efficacy of PDT, or the generation rate of reactive oxygen species. The critical factors of the PTT/PDT synergistic efficacy include: the concentration of the initiator (nanogold or photosensitizers) in the treated medium, the wavelength and energy of the light applied to the medium. Optimal parameters are calculated for maximum PDT efficacy. In PTT, diode laser (at 810 nm) is used to heat nanogolds (rod-shape or core-shell). In PDT, photosensitizers of riboflavin, 5-ALA, methylene blue and indocyanine green may be used with the associate light at wavelength of (365, 430 nm), (530-670 nm) and (780-850 nm) respectively. Both single light or dual light in infrared or visible wavelength are proposed to activate the photosensitizers or nanogolds. Optimization is required for maximum synergistic efficacy. Keywords: Lasers, optimal, modeling, heat diffusion, photochemical kinetics. Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT has been widely used in many medical applications. PDT for anti-cancer is one of the clinically important subjects. This study will analyze the photochemical kinetics and the efficacy of anti-cancer via the critical factors including: the concentrations of photosensitizers and oxygen in the treated target, the exposure time, intensity and does (energy) of the light applied to the target. To achieve high efficacy, one requires the oxygen source term to re-supply the depletion of oxygen and photosensitizers. Higher light intensity has faster rising curve of the efficacy, but it reaches the same steady-state value as that of low intensity. The efficacy follows the Bunsen-Roscoe law (BRL) of reciprocity only when there is no oxygen source term. Higher initial concentration of oxygen and photosensitizers, C0, always provide higher efficacy. To achieve the same efficacy, minimum dose and/or less exposure time for accelerated procedure may be achieved by using a higher intensity (but same dose) for the case of P=0. However, with P>0, higher intensity requires a higher fluence to achieve the same efficacy and it does not follow the BRL reciprocity law. Keywords: Photodynamic therapy, Cancer therapy, Photosensitizers, Reactive oxygen species, Cell viability, Threshold dose, Modeling. Download Full Article |
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Abstract: Natural products play a critical role in cancer prevention and therapy today. There are numbers of anticancer agents from natural products used in the clinic.Fighting cancers with novel natural products, especially those extracted from plants, is a potential strategy to develop new anticancer drugs..In the following study, various extracts of well known medicinal plants named Holoptelea integrifolia (F), Operculina turpethum (R), Cardiospermem halicacabum L (S), Dilonix regia (F), Sesbania grandifora seed have been studied for evaluating their anticancer activity. Our data showed that the cytotoxic activity of Operculina turpethum (R) ethanolic extractwas relative high for all 6 cancer cell lines as compared to other extracts. The active compound and anticancer mechanism of these extracts are worth investigating in the future. Keywords: Operculina turpethum, EtOH extract, Cell line cytotoxic activity, MTT bioassay.Download Full Article |