Anthropology of Salvation in Russian Medieval thought: «Nestyazhateli» and «Iosiflyanie» - Pages 901-904

Alexey Borisovich Lebedev, Alexander Vladimirovich Tokranov and Elena Vladislavovna Kuzmina

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.92

Published: 06 November 2020

Abstract: This article analyzes the anthropocentric aspects of Russian Orthodox thought. It is noted that the Russian traditional self-consciousness inherited the main religious and moral norms and values of Byzantium, such as contemplation, Hesychasm, careful preservation of dogmatic and ceremonial aspects of faith.

The authors of the article conclude that the central problem in Russian Orthodox thought is the problem of human justification, the problem of understanding human essence. Starting with the understanding of the problem of theodicy, Russian Orthodox thought gradually turned into its visibly formal opposite and became essentially a philosophy that proves the high creative purpose of man - a philosophy that justifies man. Thus, the humanistic, anthropocentric direction of the development of Russian religious philosophy is emphasized.

Also, turning to the analysis of the dispute between «Iosiflyane» and «Nestyazhateli», the authors of the article identify two opposite conceptual approaches to the philosophical interpretation of the essence of man: «contemplative man» and «active man».The authors conclude that Russian state policy has been mostly «Iosiflyanian», and the philosophy became a haven for «Nestyazhatel».

Keywords: Orthodox Christianity, Russian religious thinking, justification of man, «A contemplative man», «an active man».

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Are Crime Victims Being Gagged Under the Israeli Criminal Justice Procedures?
Pages 5-19
Efrat Shoham and Lior Gideon

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.02

Published: 10 January 2014

Abstract: In this conceptual article we examine the issues revolving around crime victims’ participation under the Israeli criminal procedure in recent years. As such, the article discusses the official status of victims, the protections guaranteed by local legislation during the various legal stages--beginning with the criminal investigation procedure through the protections guaranteed under law, and their routine implementation. Specifically, the article discusses changes in Israeli legislation and practice in regard to victims’ rights, while comparing them to those in other countries. Further, the article discusses the introduction of restorative justice to legal procedures in Israel, and its relevance to victims’ rights. It concludes with a recommendation to establish a standardized policy that will assure victims’ rights in order to secure their status while also ensuring that they are being exposed to a therapeutic process that is much needed for the victims, and in particular for domestic and sexual assault victims.

Application of Restorative Justice Values in Settling Medical Malpractice Cases - Pages 103-110

Ahmad Syaufi, Diana Haiti and Mursidah

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.14

Published: 18 January 2021

Abstract: Lawsuits submitted by patients or their families to the hospital and / or their doctors can take the form of criminal or civil lawsuits by almost always basing on the theory of negligence. This paper seeks to explore the application of the values of restorative justice in resolving cases of medical malpractice in Indonesia. This research is a qualitative research using normative legal research and uses a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results showed that settlement of medical malpractice cases through a restorative justice approach or which is known in the culture of the Indonesian people as a consensus agreement as contained in the 4th Precepts of Pancasila is one alternative settlement that is to restore conflict to the parties most affected (victims, perpetrators and interests community) and give priority to the interests of all parties. The conclusion showed that the restorative justice emphasizes human rights and the need to recognize the impact of social injustice and in simple ways to restore the parties to their original condition rather than simply giving formal justice actors or legal actors and victims not getting any justice. Hence, restorative justice also strives to restore the security of victims, personal respect, dignity and more importantly is a sense of control so as to avoid feelings of revenge both individual or family or group.

Keywords: Restorative Justice, Legal Settling, Medical Malpractice Restorative Justice, Legal Settling, Medical Malpractice.

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Are They Guilty Because of Their Gender?
Pages 36-46
Ronny Shtarkshall, Osmo Kontula, Ilsa S. Lottes, Toivo Aavik and Mario Baras

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2015.04.04

Published: 13 March 2015

Abstract: This paper explores whether sexual acts of varying degrees of misconduct/violence are judged differently depending on the gender of the actor and the subject. It presents pooled data from four countries regarding the actors and subjects involved in a range of sexual activities. In addition, the paper investigates whether the gender of the observer (study participant) influenced the assessment. Our sample consisted of 3416 students from the United States, Israel, Finland, and Estonia. The research instrument contained 8 sexual scenarios where the gender labels of the actors and subjects were manipulated. In several highly revealing cases, it was found that female actors were assessed more benignly compared to male ones. Men were never assessed more benignly. Our research finding is in line with public records showing that women are less frequently perceived and reported as sexual perpetrators. As a consequence, men may find it more difficult to complain of sexual misconduct against them, and sexual misconduct by women against men may have remained uncounted and disregarded in many cases.